An electrophotographic device equipped with a negatively-charged laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor that can be charged by a scorotron charging method, and includes a conductive substrate, and a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer sequentially provided on the conductive substrate, wherein the charge generation layer contains a charge generation material and a resin binder that is a poly(vinyl butyral) resin binder, and the charge transport layer contains a charge transport material that is either or both of stilbene compounds represented by Formula (1) and Formula (2), a binder resin, and an oxidation inhibitor that is tribenzylamine represented by Formula 3, wherein the conductive substrate is cylindrical, the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a difference between a maximum value and a minimum value of a surface potential in a circumferential direction, after exposure to ozone at an exposure dose of 100 ppm.Math.h, that is 12 V or less.

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer arranged on the conductive substrate and containing, as a charge generating material, any one material selected from the group consisting of titanyl phthalocyanines, metal-free phthalocyanines, chlorogallium phthalocyanines and hydroxygallium phthalocyanines; and, as an electron transporting material, a naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid diimide compound represented by Formula (1) below, where R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkylene group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl ester group, a phenyl group optionally having a substituent, a naphthyl group optionally having a substituent, or a halogen element; and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are optionally the same or different: ##STR00001##
The photoreceptor realizes a stable print density even in a low-temperature environment by suppressing a reduction in print density that is caused by potential fluctuation of the photoreceptor in the low-temperature environment.

In an image forming apparatus, a cleaning member is pressed against a circumferential surface of an image bearing member and collects a toner remaining on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member. The toner has a number average roundness of 0.965 to 0.998. The toner has a D.sub.50 of 4.0 m to 7.0 m. A linear pressure of the cleaning member on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member is 10 N/m to 40 N/m. The image bearing member includes a single-layer photosensitive layer containing a charge generating material and a hole transport material. Ionization potential Ip.sub.HTM of the hole transport material and ionization potential Ip.sub.CGM of the charge generating material satisfy mathematical formula (1) Ip.sub.HTM5.30 eV, mathematical formula (2) Ip.sub.CGM5.30 eV, and mathematical formula (3) 0.09 eV|Ip.sub.HTMIp.sub.CGM|0.30 eV.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member (1) includes a conductive substrate (2) and a photosensitive layer (3) disposed directly or indirectly on the conductive substrate (2). The photosensitive layer (3) has a charge generating layer (3a) and a charge transport layer (3b) disposed in order from the conductive substrate (2). The charge generating layer (3a) contains a charge generating material. The charge transport layer (3b) contains a charge transport material, a binder resin, and a pigment that absorbs light having an irradiation wavelength. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin including a repeating unit represented by general formula (1): ##STR00001## In general formula (1), X and Y each represent, independently of one another, a divalent group represented by chemical formula (1-1), (1-2), (1-3), or (1-4): ##STR00002## The pigment is a naphthalocyanine compound represented by general formula (2) or (3): ##STR00003##

A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer and a protective layer above a support in this order includes: forming a coating film for a protective layer by coating a coating liquid for the protective layer for forming the protective layer on the photosensitive layer and curing the coating film for the protective layer, in which the coating liquid for the protective layer contains a solvent, a compound represented by a general formula (1), a compound represented by a general formula (2), and a compound represented by a general formula (3) at a specific ratio. In addition, in an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a photosensitive layer and a protective layer above a support in this order, the protective layer is obtained by curing a coating liquid for the protective layer.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer is a single-layer photosensitive layer and contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. A hole mobility .sub.h is at least 1.0010.sup.7 cm.sup.2/V/second and an electron mobility .sub.e is at least 4.0010.sup.8 cm.sup.2/V/second in the photosensitive layer as measured under conditions of a temperature of 23 C. and an electric field intensity of 1.5010.sup.5 V/cm. A ratio (.sub.h/.sub.e) of the hole mobility .sub.h to the electron mobility .sub.e is at least 1.0 and no greater than 50.0.

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. An optical response time is 0.05 milliseconds or longer and 0.85 milliseconds or shorter. The optical response time is a time from irradiation of a surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with pulse light having a wavelength of 780 nm to decay of a surface potential of the photosensitive layer from +800 V to +400 V. The pulse light has an intensity that allows the surface potential of the photosensitive layer to decay to +200 V from +800 V after 400 milliseconds elapse from the irradiation of the surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with the pulse light. The photosensitive layer has a Martens hardness at 50 C. of at least 160 N/mm.sup.2.

A photosensitive member (1) includes a conductive substrate (2) and a photosensitive layer (3). The photosensitive layer is a single-layer photosensitive layer (3c). The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. The hole transport material includes a triphenylamine derivative represented by general formula (HT). The electron transport material includes a compound represented by general formula (ET1), (ET2), (ET3), (ET4), or (ET5). The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin represented by general formula (1) ##STR00001## ##STR00002##

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, and a binder resin. The binder resin contains a polyarylate resin represented by general formula (1). In general formula (1), r and s each represent an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 49 and t and u represents an integer of at least 1 and no greater than 50. Furthermore, r+s+t+u=100 and r+t=s+u. X and Y each represent, independently of one another, a divalent group represented by chemical formula (1-1), (1-2), (1-3), or (1-4). ##STR00001##

A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electrically conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The method includes applying an application liquid for photosensitive layer formation containing a solvent, a binder resin, and a hole transport material directly or indirectly onto the electrically conductive substrate, and removing a portion of the solvent, to form the photosensitive layer. The solvent contains a first solvent that is an alcohol having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 3, and a second solvent other than the first solvent. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin that is a polymerization product of monomers including a first monomer represented by general formula (1) and a second monomer represented by general formula (2), ##STR00001##