An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. An optical response time is 0.05 milliseconds or longer and 0.85 milliseconds or shorter. The optical response time is a time from irradiation of a surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with pulse light having a wavelength of 780 nm to decay of a surface potential of the photosensitive layer from +800 V to +400 V. The pulse light has an intensity that allows the surface potential of the photosensitive layer to decay to +200 V from +800 V after 400 milliseconds elapse from the irradiation of the surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with the pulse light. The photosensitive layer has a Martens hardness at 50 C. of at least 160 N/mm.sup.2.

A bis-butadiene derivative is represented by general formula (1) shown below. ##STR00001##
In general formula (1), Ra, Rb, and Rc each represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 8 or an alkoxy group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 8. l and m each represent, independently of one another, an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 5. n represents an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 4. Chemical groups Ra may be the same as or different from each other. Chemical groups Rb may be the same as or different from each other. Chemical groups Rc may be the same as or different from each other.

A photosensitive member (1) includes a conductive substrate (2) and a photosensitive layer (3). The photosensitive layer is a single-layer photosensitive layer (3c). The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. The hole transport material includes a triphenylamine derivative represented by general formula (HT). The electron transport material includes a compound represented by general formula (ET1), (ET2), (ET3), (ET4), or (ET5). The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin represented by general formula (1) ##STR00001## ##STR00002##

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, and a binder resin. The binder resin contains a polyarylate resin represented by general formula (1). In general formula (1), r and s each represent an integer of at least 0 and no greater than 49 and t and u represents an integer of at least 1 and no greater than 50. Furthermore, r+s+t+u=100 and r+t=s+u. X and Y each represent, independently of one another, a divalent group represented by chemical formula (1-1), (1-2), (1-3), or (1-4). ##STR00001##

A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electrically conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The method includes applying an application liquid for photosensitive layer formation containing a solvent, a binder resin, and a hole transport material directly or indirectly onto the electrically conductive substrate, and removing a portion of the solvent, to form the photosensitive layer. The solvent contains a first solvent that is an alcohol having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 3, and a second solvent other than the first solvent. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin that is a polymerization product of monomers including a first monomer represented by general formula (1) and a second monomer represented by general formula (2), ##STR00001##

Provided is a photoconductor for electrophotography having high sensitivity, low residual potential, and good wear resistance and contamination resistance, and that is less likely to cause light-induced fatigue and filming, and also exhibits good potential stability before and after repeated printing, even without a surface protective layer formed on a photosensitive layer. Provided also are a process of producing the photoconductor and an electrophotographic apparatus. The photoconductor for electrophotography may be a single-layer-type photoconductor or a multi-layer-type photoconductor and includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer formed on the conductive substrate and including a hole transport material having a structure represented by general formula (1) below; a binder resin having a repeating structure represented by general formula (2) below; and at least one electron transport material having a structure represented by general formulae (ET1) to (ET3) below: ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photoreceptor of a negatively-chargeable laminate-type includes a conductive substrate; a charge generation layer provided on the conductive substrate and including a charge generating material; and a charge transport layer provided on the charge generation layer and containing, as a binder resin, a copolymerized polycarbonate resin having a repeating unit represented by Formula (1); as a hole transporting substance, a compound having a structure represented by Formula (2); as an electron transporting substance, a compound having a structure represented by Formula (3), and, as an antioxidant, a compound represented by Structural Formula (4), where a mass ratio H/(B+H) represents a ratio of mass (H) of the hole transporting substance with respect to a sum of mass (B) of the binder resin and the mass (H) of the hole transporting substance, and satisfies Formula (5), 0.20 by massH/(B+H)0.35 by mass, ##STR00001##

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains fluorine-containing resin particles and a fluorine-containing graft polymer having a structural unit represented by general formula (FA), a structural unit represented by general formula (FB), and a structural unit represented by general formula (FC): ##STR00001##
where R.sup.F1, R.sup.F2, R.sup.F3, and R.sup.F4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; X.sup.F1 represents an alkylene chain, a halogen-substituted alkylene chain, S, O, NH, or a single bond; Y.sup.F1 represents an alkylene chain, a halogen-substituted alkylene chain, (C.sub.fxH.sub.2fx-1(OH)), or a single bond; Q.sup.F1 represents O or NH; fl, fm, and fn each independently represent an integer of 1 or more; fp, fq, fr, and fs each independently represent an integer of 0 or 1 or more; ft represents an integer of 1 or more and 7 or less; fx represents an integer of 1 or more; R.sup.F5 and R.sup.F6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group; and fz represents an integer of 1 or more.

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member and a static elimination device. The static elimination device irradiates static elimination light onto a circumferential surface of the image bearing member. The image bearing member includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. The static elimination light has a wavelength of at least 600 nm and no greater than 800 nm. The photosensitive layer has an optical absorption coefficient of at least 600 cm.sup.1 and no greater than 1,500 cm.sup.1 with respect to light having a wavelength of 660 nm.

Provided is a process cartridge having a charging member and an electrophotographic photosensitive member to be charged by being in contact with the charging member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support and a photosensitive layer in this order, and a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a Martens hardness of 230 N/mm.sup.2 or less.