Provided is a ceramic member in which the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between an insulating ceramic material and an electrically conductive ceramic material is extremely small and therefore any mismatch caused in association with this difference in thermal expansion coefficient does not occur, and which does not undergo any failure such as breakage, cracking, detachment or destruction. The ceramic member (1) includes an electrically conductive ceramic material (2) which contains yttrium oxide as the main component and additionally contains a fibrous electrically conductive substance such as carbon nanotubes in an amount of 0.1 to 3 vol % inclusive and an insulation ceramic material (3) which contains yttrium oxide as the main component, wherein the electrically conductive ceramic material (2) and the insulation ceramic material (3) are adhered to each other in an integrated manner through an adhesive layer (4) which includes an inorganic adhesive material.

Provided herein are methods for making a freeze-cast material having a internal structure, the methods comprising steps of: determining the internal structure of the material, the internal structure having a plurality of pores, wherein: each of the plurality of pores has directionality; and the step of determining comprises: selecting a temperature gradient and a freezing front velocity to obtain the determined internal structure based on the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity; directionally freezing a liquid formulation to form a frozen solid, the step of directionally freezing comprising: controlling the temperature gradient and the freezing front velocity to match the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity during directionally freezing; wherein the liquid formulation comprises at least one solvent and at least one dispersed species; and subliming the at least one solvent out of the frozen solid to form the material.

Provided herein are methods for making a freeze-cast material having a internal structure, the methods comprising steps of: determining the internal structure of the material, the internal structure having a plurality of pores, wherein: each of the plurality of pores has directionality; and the step of determining comprises: selecting a temperature gradient and a freezing front velocity to obtain the determined internal structure based on the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity; directionally freezing a liquid formulation to form a frozen solid, the step of directionally freezing comprising: controlling the temperature gradient and the freezing front velocity to match the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity during directionally freezing; wherein the liquid formulation comprises at least one solvent and at least one dispersed species; and subliming the at least one solvent out of the frozen solid to form the material.

A conductive device includes a housing, a glass insulator, and a conductor. The housing comprises an opening. The glass insulator is located within the opening, wherein a seal is formed between the housing and the glass insulator. The conductor is located at least partially within the glass insulator and comprises at least one of conductive ceramic, cemented carbide, and cermet. A seal is formed between the glass insulator and the conductor.

A conductive device includes a housing, a glass insulator, and a conductor. The housing comprises an opening. The glass insulator is located within the opening, wherein a seal is formed between the housing and the glass insulator. The conductor is located at least partially within the glass insulator and comprises at least one of conductive ceramic, cemented carbide, and cermet. A seal is formed between the glass insulator and the conductor.

Provided herein are methods for making a freeze-cast material having a internal structure, the methods comprising steps of: determining the internal structure of the material, the internal structure having a plurality of pores, wherein: each of the plurality of pores has directionality; and the step of determining comprises: selecting a temperature gradient and a freezing front velocity to obtain the determined internal structure based on the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity; directionally freezing a liquid formulation to form a frozen solid, the step of directionally freezing comprising: controlling the temperature gradient and the freezing front velocity to match the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity during directionally freezing; wherein the liquid formulation comprises at least one solvent and at least one dispersed species; and subliming the at least one solvent out of the frozen solid to form the material.

Provided herein are methods for making a freeze-cast material having a internal structure, the methods comprising steps of: determining the internal structure of the material, the internal structure having a plurality of pores, wherein: each of the plurality of pores has directionality; and the step of determining comprises: selecting a temperature gradient and a freezing front velocity to obtain the determined internal structure based on the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity; directionally freezing a liquid formulation to form a frozen solid, the step of directionally freezing comprising: controlling the temperature gradient and the freezing front velocity to match the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity during directionally freezing; wherein the liquid formulation comprises at least one solvent and at least one dispersed species; and subliming the at least one solvent out of the frozen solid to form the material.

A fluid circuit includes a plurality of tubing segments and a plurality of operative components. Each tubing segment includes i) a non-conductive polymer portion defining a fluid passageway and ii) one or more interior conductive fluoropolymer stripes extending axially to the ends of each of the respective tubing segments. Each operative component includes a conductive fluoropolymer that extends between a plurality of tubing connector fittings forming a part of the fluid circuit, wherein each of the tubing connector fittings conductively connect the respective conductor of the operative component to the interior conductive fluoropolymer stripes of the tubing segment to provide a path to ground that extends through each operative component and each tubing segment.

A fluid circuit includes a plurality of tubing segments and a plurality of operative components. Each tubing segment includes i) a non-conductive polymer portion defining a fluid passageway and ii) one or more interior conductive fluoropolymer stripes extending axially to the ends of each of the respective tubing segments. Each operative component includes a conductive fluoropolymer that extends between a plurality of tubing connector fittings forming a part of the fluid circuit, wherein each of the tubing connector fittings conductively connect the respective conductor of the operative component to the interior conductive fluoropolymer stripes of the tubing segment to provide a path to ground that extends through each operative component and each tubing segment.

Provided herein are methods for making a freeze-cast material having a internal structure, the methods comprising steps of: determining the internal structure of the material, the internal structure having a plurality of pores, wherein: each of the plurality of pores has directionality; and the step of determining comprises: selecting a temperature gradient and a freezing front velocity to obtain the determined internal structure based on the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity; directionally freezing a liquid formulation to form a frozen solid, the step of directionally freezing comprising: controlling the temperature gradient and the freezing front velocity to match the selected temperature gradient and the selected freezing front velocity during directionally freezing; wherein the liquid formulation comprises at least one solvent and at least one dispersed species; and subliming the at least one solvent out of the frozen solid to form the material.