In one embodiment, a permanent magnet includes a composition expressed by R.sub.pFe.sub.qM.sub.rCu.sub.sCo.sub.100-p-q-r-s (R is a rare-earth element, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, 10≤p≤13.5 at %, 28≤q≤40 at %, 0.88≤r≤7.2 at %, and 3.5≤s≤13.5 at %), and a metallic structure including a cell phase having a Th.sub.2Zn.sub.17 crystal phase, and a cell wall phase. A Fe concentration (C1) in the cell phase is in a range from 28 at % to 45 at %, and a difference (C1−C2) between the Fe concentration (C1) in the cell phase and a Fe concentration (C2) in the cell wall phase is larger than 10 at %.

An alloy for R-T-B-based rare earth sintered magnets which contains R which is a rare earth element; T which is a transition metal essentially containing Fe; a metallic element M containing one or more metals selected from Al, Ga and Cu; B and inevitable impurities, in which R accounts for 13 at % to 15 at %, B accounts for 4.5 at % to 6.2 at %, M accounts for 0.1 at % to 2.4 at %, T accounts for balance, a proportion of Dy in all rare earth elements is in a range of 0 at % to 65 at %, and the following Formula 1 is satisfied,
0.0049Dy+0.34≤B/TRE≤0.0049Dy+0.36  Formula 1
wherein Dy represents a concentration (at %) of a Dy element, B represents a concentration (at %) of a boron element, and TRE represents a concentration (at %) of all the rare earth elements.

An alloy for R-T-B-based rare earth sintered magnets which contains R which is a rare earth element; T which is a transition metal essentially containing Fe; a metallic element M containing one or more metals selected from Al, Ga and Cu; B and inevitable impurities, in which R accounts for 13 at % to 15 at %, B accounts for 4.5 at % to 6.2 at %, M accounts for 0.1 at % to 2.4 at %, T accounts for balance, a proportion of Dy in all rare earth elements is in a range of 0 at % to 65 at %, and the following Formula 1 is satisfied,
0.0049Dy+0.34≤B/TRE≤0.0049Dy+0.36  Formula 1
wherein Dy represents a concentration (at %) of a Dy element, B represents a concentration (at %) of a boron element, and TRE represents a concentration (at %) of all the rare earth elements.

Disclosed herein is a method comprising disposing a first particle in a reactor; the first particle being a magnetic particle or a particle that can be influenced by a magnetic field, an electric field or a combination of an electrical field and a magnetic field; fluidizing the first particle in the reactor; applying a uniform magnetic field, a uniform electrical field or a combination of a uniform magnetic field and a uniform electrical field to the reactor; elevating the temperature of the reactor; and fusing the first particles to form a monolithic solid.

Disclosed herein is a method comprising disposing a first particle in a reactor; the first particle being a magnetic particle or a particle that can be influenced by a magnetic field, an electric field or a combination of an electrical field and a magnetic field; fluidizing the first particle in the reactor; applying a uniform magnetic field, a uniform electrical field or a combination of a uniform magnetic field and a uniform electrical field to the reactor; elevating the temperature of the reactor; and fusing the first particles to form a monolithic solid.

A magneto-caloric thermal diode assembly includes a first magneto-caloric cylinder and a second magneto-caloric cylinder. The second magneto-caloric cylinder and a second plurality of thermal stages are nested concentrically within the first magneto-caloric cylinder and a first plurality of thermal stages. A plurality of magnets is distributed along a circumferential direction within a non-magnetic ring in each thermal stage of the first and second pluralities of thermal stages. Each thermal stage of the first and second pluralities of thermal stages has a first half and a second half. A polarity of the magnets of the plurality of magnets within the first half is oriented opposite a polarity of the magnets of the plurality of magnets within the second half along the radial direction in each thermal stage of the first and second pluralities of thermal stages.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of an enhanced resonant frequency hexagonal ferrite material, such as Y-phase hexagonal ferrite material, and methods of manufacturing. In some embodiments, sodium or potassium can be added into the crystal structure of the hexagonal ferrite material in order to achieve improved resonant frequencies in the range of 500 MHz to 1 GHz useful for radiofrequency applications.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of an enhanced resonant frequency hexagonal ferrite material, such as Y-phase hexagonal ferrite material, and methods of manufacturing. In some embodiments, sodium or potassium can be added into the crystal structure of the hexagonal ferrite material in order to achieve improved resonant frequencies in the range of 500 MHz to 1 GHz useful for radiofrequency applications.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of an enhanced resonant frequency hexagonal ferrite material and methods of manufacturing. The hexagonal ferrite material can be Y-phase hexagonal ferrite material, such as those including strontium. In some embodiments, oxides consistent with the stoichiometry of Sr.sub.3Co.sub.2Fe.sub.24O.sub.41, SrFe.sub.12O.sub.19 or CoFe.sub.2O.sub.4 can be used form an enhanced hexagonal ferrite material.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of an enhanced resonant frequency hexagonal ferrite material and methods of manufacturing. The hexagonal ferrite material can be Y-phase hexagonal ferrite material, such as those including strontium. In some embodiments, oxides consistent with the stoichiometry of Sr.sub.3Co.sub.2Fe.sub.24O.sub.41, SrFe.sub.12O.sub.19 or CoFe.sub.2O.sub.4 can be used form an enhanced hexagonal ferrite material.