A solid electrolytic capacitor and method for making the capacitor are provided. The capacitor includes a sintered porous anode body formed from a valve metal, a metallic physical vapor deposition (PVD) layer disposed directly on a planar surface of the anode body, a dielectric, a cathode, and anode and cathode terminations. The dielectric overlies at least a portion of the anode body and is also formed within the anode body. The cathode overlies at least a portion of the dielectric that overlies the anode body and includes a solid electrolyte, and a portion of a lower surface of the metallic PVD layer is free of both the dielectric and solid electrolyte. The anode termination is electrically connected to the portion of the lower surface of the metallic PVD layer that is free of both the dielectric and solid electrolyte, and the cathode termination is electrically connected to the solid electrolyte.

A solid electrolytic capacitor that comprises a capacitor element that contains a sintered porous anode body, a dielectric that overlies the anode body, and a solid electrolyte that overlies the dielectric is provided. An anode lead wire extends from the capacitor element in a longitudinal direction, wherein the lead wire defines an external surface having a plurality of distinct recessed regions that are spaced apart along the longitudinal direction. A hydrophobic coating is disposed on at least a portion of the external surface of the anode lead wire. Further, an anode termination is in electrical connection with the anode lead wire and a cathode termination is in electrical connection with the solid electrolyte.

A method is provided for manufacturing an electrolytic capacitor for an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. The method includes forming an ester material by adding at least one acid to a glycol, and quenching the ester material for a determined period. The method also includes adding an ammonium based material to the ester material after the ester material is quenched, and adding an additional acid after adding the ammonium based material to form an electrolytic material for the electrolytic capacitor.

A tantalum capacitor includes a tantalum body, an encapsulation portion, first and second external electrodes spaced apart from each other on a lower surface of the encapsulation portion, a first plating layer disposed on one end surface of the encapsulation portion and a lower surface of the first external electrode to electrically connect the first external electrode and the tantalum body, an upper end of the first plating being comprised of a first bonding force improving portion contacting one upper edge of the encapsulation portion, and a second plating layer disposed on the other end surface of the encapsulation portion and a lower surface of the second external electrode to electrically connect the second external electrode and an exposed portion of a tantalum wire, an upper end of the second plating layer being comprised of a second bonding force improving portion contacting the other upper edge of the encapsulation portion.

Disclosed are novel electrolytes based on liquefied gas and high concentration of salt in liquefied gas electrolytes. Unlike common electrolytes, liquefied gas electrolytes utilize solvents which are gaseous under standard conditions. The current disclosure describes electrolytes which consist of a solvent which is comprised of one or more solvents, wherein one or more of those solvents are a liquefied gas solvent, and a salt or combination of salts at high enough concentration such that the combination of solid salt and liquefied gas solvent results in a reduced vapor pressure electrolyte or even a liquid electrolyte mixture with vapor pressure below that of atmospheric pressure at a temperature of 293.15K.

Provided are separator systems for electrochemical systems providing electronic, mechanical and chemical properties useful for a variety of applications including electrochemical storage and conversion. Embodiments provide structural, physical and electrostatic attributes useful for managing and controlling dendrite formation and for improving the cycle life and rate capability of electrochemical cells including silicon anode based batteries, air cathode based batteries, redox flow batteries, solid electrolyte based systems, fuel cells, flow batteries and semisolid batteries. Disclosed separators include multilayer, porous geometries supporting excellent ion transport properties, providing a barrier to prevent dendrite initiated mechanical failure, shorting or thermal runaway, or providing improved electrode conductivity and improved electric field uniformity. Disclosed separators include composite solid electrolytes with supporting mesh or fiber systems providing solid electrolyte hardness and safety with supporting mesh or fiber toughness and long life required for thin solid electrolytes without fabrication pinholes or operationally created cracks.

Various perovskite solar cell embodiments include a flexible metal substrate (e.g., including a metal doped TiO.sub.2 layer), a perovskite layer, and a transparent electrode layer (e.g., including a dielectric/metal/dielectric structure), wherein the perovskite layer is provided between the flexible metal substrate and the transparent electrode layer. Also, various tandem solar cell embodiments including a perovskite solar cell and either a quantum dot solar cell, and organic solar cell or a thin film solar cell.

An electrode foil for an electrolytic capacitor includes an anode body having a porous portion and a core part continuous with the porous portion, a dielectric layer covering a surface of a metal skeleton forming the porous portion, wherein an interface layer including a first element is present between the metal skeleton and the dielectric layer, and the first element is at least one selected from the group consisting of sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Embodiments of this application provide a perovskite solar cell, a preparation method thereof, and an electric device. The perovskite solar cell includes: a back plate; a transparent substrate, where a sealed cavity is formed between the transparent substrate and the back plate; and a perovskite solar cell device, where the perovskite solar cell device is located in the sealed cavity; where the sealed cavity contains ammonia gas having a volume fraction of 10%-100% and residual inert gas. The 10%-100% ammonia gas can improve chemical stability of a perovskite material, thus improving thermal stability of the perovskite solar cell device, and further improving efficiency and service life of the perovskite solar cell.

A method for improving the stability of perovskite solar cells includes: adding iodoformamidine and cesium iodide to a solvent and stirring, adding bromomethylamine and stirring, adding lead iodide and 3,4-dichloroaniline and stirring, obtaining a perovskite precursor solution for improving the stability of perovskite solar cells, spin-coating the perovskite precursor solution for improving the stability of perovskite solar cells onto a substrate, and performing thermal annealing to obtain a light absorption layer of a solar cell. A solar cell prepared with said perovskite layer solves the defects of existing perovskite technology, providing a means for improving the stability of perovskite for use in the preparation of batteries that has low processing environment requirements and a convenient preparation method, and can maintain stable properties in an ordinary environment for a long time.