A system that includes an energy device having an active region configured to generate or consume electrical energy provided by an electrical current is discussed. A current limiter is disposed between the energy device and a current collector layer. The current limiter controls the current flow between the energy device and the current collector layer. A plurality of electrochemical transistors (ECTs) are arranged in an array such that each ECT in the array provides localized current control for the energy device. Each ECT includes a gate electrode, a drain electrode, a source electrode, and a channel disposed between the drain and the source electrodes. An electrolyte electrically couples the gate electrode to the channel such that an electrical signal at the gate electrode controls electrical conductivity of the channel. The current collector layer is a shared drain or source electrode for the ECTs.

A system that includes an energy device having an active region configured to generate or consume electrical energy provided by an electrical current is discussed. A current limiter is disposed between the energy device and a current collector layer. The current limiter controls the current flow between the energy device and the current collector layer. A plurality of electrochemical transistors (ECTs) are arranged in an array such that each ECT in the array provides localized current control for the energy device. Each ECT includes a gate electrode, a drain electrode, a source electrode, and a channel disposed between the drain and the source electrodes. An electrolyte electrically couples the gate electrode to the channel such that an electrical signal at the gate electrode controls electrical conductivity of the channel. The current collector layer is a shared drain or source electrode for the ECTs.

A system that includes an energy device having an active region configured to generate or consume electrical energy provided by an electrical current is discussed. A current limiter is disposed between the energy device and a current collector layer. The current limiter controls the current flow between the energy device and the current collector layer. A plurality of electrochemical transistors (ECTs) are arranged in an array such that each ECT in the array provides localized current control for the energy device. Each ECT includes a gate electrode, a drain electrode, a source electrode, and a channel disposed between the drain and the source electrodes. An electrolyte electrically couples the gate electrode to the channel such that an electrical signal at the gate electrode controls electrical conductivity of the channel. The current collector layer is a shared drain or source electrode for the ECTs.

The experimental realization of a non-volatile artificial synapse using organic polymers in a scalable fabrication process is provided. The three-terminal electrochemical neuromorphic device successfully emulates the key features of biological synapses: long-term potentiation/depression, spike-timing-dependent plasticity learning rule, paired-pulse facilitation, and ultralow energy consumption. The artificial synapse network exhibits excellent endurance against bending tests and enables a direct emulation of logic gates, which shows the feasibility of using them in futuristic hierarchical neural networks. Based on the demonstration of 100 distinct, non-volatile conductance states, high accuracy in pattern recognition and face classification neural network simulations is achieved.

The experimental realization of a non-volatile artificial synapse using organic polymers in a scalable fabrication process is provided. The three-terminal electrochemical neuromorphic device successfully emulates the key features of biological synapses: long-term potentiation/depression, spike-timing-dependent plasticity learning rule, paired-pulse facilitation, and ultralow energy consumption. The artificial synapse network exhibits excellent endurance against bending tests and enables a direct emulation of logic gates, which shows the feasibility of using them in futuristic hierarchical neural networks. Based on the demonstration of 100 distinct, non-volatile conductance states, high accuracy in pattern recognition and face classification neural network simulations is achieved.

A system that includes an energy device having an active region configured to generate or consume electrical energy provided by an electrical current is discussed. A current limiter is disposed between the energy device and a current collector layer. The current limiter controls the current flow between the energy device and the current collector layer. A plurality of electrochemical transistors (ECTs) are arranged in an array such that each ECT in the array provides localized current control for the energy device. Each ECT includes a gate electrode, a drain electrode, a source electrode, and a channel disposed between the drain and the source electrodes. An electrolyte electrically couples the gate electrode to the channel such that an electrical signal at the gate electrode controls electrical conductivity of the channel. The current collector layer is a shared drain or source electrode for the ECTs.

A system that includes an energy device having an active region configured to generate or consume electrical energy provided by an electrical current is discussed. A current limiter is disposed between the energy device and a current collector layer. The current limiter controls the current flow between the energy device and the current collector layer. A plurality of electrochemical transistors (ECTs) are arranged in an array such that each ECT in the array provides localized current control for the energy device. Each ECT includes a gate electrode, a drain electrode, a source electrode, and a channel disposed between the drain and the source electrodes. An electrolyte electrically couples the gate electrode to the channel such that an electrical signal at the gate electrode controls electrical conductivity of the channel. The current collector layer is a shared drain or source electrode for the ECTs.

A thermally sensitive ionic redox transistor comprises a channel, a reservoir layer, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the channel and the reservoir layer. A conductance of the channel is varied by changing concentration of ions in the channel layer. The electrolyte layer is configured to undergo a state change at a state transition temperature. Below the state transition temperature, ions in the electrolyte layer are substantially immobile. Above the state transition temperature, ions can move freely between the reservoir layer and the channel across the electrolyte layer in response to a voltage being applied between the channel and the reservoir layer. When the device is cooled below the state transition temperature or temperature range, the ions are trapped in one or more of the layers because the electrolyte layer loses its ionic conductivity. A state of the redox transistor can be read by measuring the conductance of the channel.

A thermally sensitive ionic redox transistor comprises a channel, a reservoir layer, and an electrolyte layer disposed between the channel and the reservoir layer. A conductance of the channel is varied by changing concentration of ions in the channel layer. The electrolyte layer is configured to undergo a state change at a state transition temperature. Below the state transition temperature, ions in the electrolyte layer are substantially immobile. Above the state transition temperature, ions can move freely between the reservoir layer and the channel across the electrolyte layer in response to a voltage being applied between the channel and the reservoir layer. When the device is cooled below the state transition temperature or temperature range, the ions are trapped in one or more of the layers because the electrolyte layer loses its ionic conductivity. A state of the redox transistor can be read by measuring the conductance of the channel.

A direct thermoelectrochemical heat-to-electricity converter includes two electrochemical cells at hot and cold temperatures, each having a gas-impermeable, electron-blocking membrane capable of transporting an ion I, and a pair of electrodes on opposite sides of the membrane. Two closed-circuit chambers A and B each includes a working fluid, a pump, and a counter-flow heat exchanger. The chambers are connected to opposite sides of the electrochemical cells and carry their respective working fluids between the two cells. The working fluids are each capable of undergoing a reversible redox half-reaction of the general form R.fwdarw.O+I+e.sup., where R is a reduced form of an active species in a working fluid and O is the oxidized forms of the active species. One of the first pair of electrodes is electrically connected to one the second pair of electrodes via an electrical load to produce electricity. The device thereby operates such that the first electrochemical cell runs a forward redox reaction, gaining entropy, and the second electrochemical cell runs a reverse redox reaction, expelling entropy.