The present disclosure relates to the manufacture and use of redox electrodes and their use in cell lysis. In certain embodiments, the redox electrodes are manufactured using a hybrid material approach, such as using a redox polymer in combination with a support substrate, such as cellulose fibers or paper. In certain implementations, the redox electrodes are suitable for use at voltages greater than 25 Volts.

The present disclosure relates to the manufacture and use of redox electrodes and their use in cell lysis. In certain embodiments, the redox electrodes are manufactured using a hybrid material approach, such as using a redox polymer in combination with a support substrate, such as cellulose fibers or paper. In certain implementations, the redox electrodes are suitable for use at voltages greater than 25 Volts.

A humic acid-bonded metal foil current collector in a battery or supercapacitor, comprising: (a) a thin metal foil having two opposed but parallel primary surfaces; and (b) a thin film of humic acid (HA) or a mixture of HA and graphene, having hexagonal carbon planes, wherein HA or both HA and graphene are chemically bonded to at least one of the two primary surfaces; wherein the thin film has a thickness from 10 nm to 10 μm, an oxygen content from 0.01% to 10% by weight, an inter-planar spacing of 0.335 to 0.50 nm between hexagonal carbon planes, a physical density from 1.3 to 2.2 g/cm.sup.3, all hexagonal carbon planes being oriented substantially parallel to each other and parallel to the primary surfaces, exhibiting a thermal conductivity greater than 500 W/mK, and/or electrical conductivity greater than 1,500 S/cm when measured alone without the metal foil.

A humic acid-bonded metal foil current collector in a battery or supercapacitor, comprising: (a) a thin metal foil having two opposed but parallel primary surfaces; and (b) a thin film of humic acid (HA) or a mixture of HA and graphene, having hexagonal carbon planes, wherein HA or both HA and graphene are chemically bonded to at least one of the two primary surfaces; wherein the thin film has a thickness from 10 nm to 10 μm, an oxygen content from 0.01% to 10% by weight, an inter-planar spacing of 0.335 to 0.50 nm between hexagonal carbon planes, a physical density from 1.3 to 2.2 g/cm.sup.3, all hexagonal carbon planes being oriented substantially parallel to each other and parallel to the primary surfaces, exhibiting a thermal conductivity greater than 500 W/mK, and/or electrical conductivity greater than 1,500 S/cm when measured alone without the metal foil.

The present disclosure relates to organic electrolyte solutions including organic electrolytes (e.g., aromatic imides, ferrocenes, spiro fused compounds, or cyclopropenium compounds), and redox flow batteries and systems including the same.

A method for preparing a supercapacitor electrode material Ni doped CoP.sub.3/Ni foam is provided, and the CoP.sub.3 is applied to the supercapacitor for the first time. The method belongs to a technical field of synthesis and preparation of supercapacitor materials. The present invention adopts a low-temperature phosphating process to prepare the Ni-doped CoP.sub.3/foamed nickel as the electrode material of the supercapacitor, so as to provide advantages such as simple synthesis process, easy control, low cost and high specific capacity. The supercapacitor electrode material Ni doped CoP.sub.3/Ni foam prepared by the present invention has a hierarchical structure and a large specific surface area, which is beneficial to shorten an ion transmission path, reduce an interface resistance between the electrode material and electrolyte, provide more active sites, and provide a higher specific capacity in alkaline electrolyte. The electrode material shows great potential in electrochemical energy storage.

A method for preparing a supercapacitor electrode material Ni doped CoP.sub.3/Ni foam is provided, and the CoP.sub.3 is applied to the supercapacitor for the first time. The method belongs to a technical field of synthesis and preparation of supercapacitor materials. The present invention adopts a low-temperature phosphating process to prepare the Ni-doped CoP.sub.3/foamed nickel as the electrode material of the supercapacitor, so as to provide advantages such as simple synthesis process, easy control, low cost and high specific capacity. The supercapacitor electrode material Ni doped CoP.sub.3/Ni foam prepared by the present invention has a hierarchical structure and a large specific surface area, which is beneficial to shorten an ion transmission path, reduce an interface resistance between the electrode material and electrolyte, provide more active sites, and provide a higher specific capacity in alkaline electrolyte. The electrode material shows great potential in electrochemical energy storage.

A poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA)-(NH.sub.4).sub.2MoO.sub.4), gel polymer electrolyte can be prepared by incorporating redox-mediated Mo, or similar metal, into a PVPA, or similar polymer, matrix. Gel polymer electrolytes including PVPA/MoX, x representing the percent fraction Mo in PVPA, can be used to make supercapacitors including active carbon electrodes. The electrolytes can be in gel form, bendable and stretchable in a device. Devices including this gel electrolyte can have a specific capacitance (Cs) of 1276 F/g, i.e., a more than 50-fold increase relative to a PVPA system without Mo. A PVPA/Mo10 supercapacitor can have an energy density of 180.2 Wh/kg at power density of 500 W/kg, and devices with this hydrogel structure may maintain 85+% of their initial capacitance performance after 2300 charge-discharge cycles.

The present invention relates to an electrochemical device, comprising a negative electrode comprising a nitrogen-containing electron storage material, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein the nitrogen-containing electron storage material has a two-dimensional or a three-dimensional covalent structure, contains heptazine and/or triazine moieties, and is capable of intercalating and de-intercalating cations. The present invention is further directed to a uses the material, a photorechargeable battery, an autophotorechargeable battery, a redox-flow-battery, a method for harvesting light and storing electrical energy, a method for detecting and removing oxygen, and a method for detecting light.

An electrochemical capacitor (300) for use with a biofilm is presented. The electrochemical capacitor includes a first electrode (324) coupled to a first porous layer (326), a second electrode (334) coupled to a second porous layer (336); and an electrolyte (310) provided between the first porous layer (326) and the second porous layer (336). At least one of the first porous layer (326) and the second porous layer (336) has a plurality of cavities adapted to receive redox-active metabolites produced by the biofilm. Also presented is an electrochemical capacitor device, such as a skin patch that includes a support layer attached to the electrochemical capacitor (300). Also presented is a power source that includes the electrochemical capacitor (300) and a biofilm provided between the first electrode (324) and the second electrode (334) of the electrochemical capacitor (300).