A method to a fabricate high surface area, high performance supercapacitor includes include applying a metal layer to at least a portion of a nanostructure; after applying the metal layer, oxidizing the metal layer; applying a plurality of additional metal layers onto a previously oxidized metal layer; and after applying each additional metal layer, oxidizing the additional metal layer prior to applying a successive additional metal layer. The metal layers may include a composition comprising at least one metal, the at least one metal selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, titanium, manganese, vanadium, iron, tin, cobalt and nickel. Optionally, each of the additional metal layers may be applied using atomic layering deposition (ALD).

Provided is a capacitor, and more preferably a hybrid capacitor, and a method of making the capacitor. The capacitor comprises an anode, with a dielectric on the anode, and a cathode with a barrier layer on the cathode. A separator, conductive polymer, liquid electrolyte and stabilizer are between the anode and

An adverse event-resilient network system consisting of autonomously powered and mobile nodes in communication with each other either through radio, light or other electromagnetic signals or through a physical connection such as through wiring, cables or other physical connected methods capable of carrying information and communication signals. The nodes powered by an energy generator comprising multiple data, information and voice gathering, receiving and emitting devices as well as mechanical, optical and propulsion devices.

An adverse event-resilient network system consisting of autonomously powered and mobile nodes in communication with each other either through radio, light or other electromagnetic signals or through a physical connection such as through wiring, cables or other physical connected methods capable of carrying information and communication signals. The nodes powered by an energy generator comprising multiple data, information and voice gathering, receiving and emitting devices as well as mechanical, optical and propulsion devices.

An improved capacitor is described herein. The capacitor comprises a working element wherein the working element comprises an anode comprising a dielectric thereon and an anode conductive polymer layer on the dielectric. The capacitor also includes a cathode comprising a cathode conductive polymer layer and a conductive separator between the anode and said cathode. An anode lead is in electrical contact with the anode and a cathode lead is in electrical contact with the cathode.

An improved capacitor is described herein. The capacitor comprises a working element wherein the working element comprises an anode comprising a dielectric thereon and an anode conductive polymer layer on the dielectric. The capacitor also includes a cathode comprising a cathode conductive polymer layer and a conductive separator between the anode and said cathode. An anode lead is in electrical contact with the anode and a cathode lead is in electrical contact with the cathode.

A method for using an integrated battery and device structure includes using two or more stacked electrochemical cells integrated with each other formed overlying a surface of a substrate. The two or more stacked electrochemical cells include related two or more different electrochemistries with one or more devices formed using one or more sequential deposition processes. The one or more devices are integrated with the two or more stacked electrochemical cells to form the integrated battery and device structure as a unified structure overlying the surface of the substrate. The one or more stacked electrochemical cells and the one or more devices are integrated as the unified structure using the one or more sequential deposition processes. The integrated battery and device structure is configured such that the two or more stacked electrochemical cells and one or more devices are in electrical, chemical, and thermal conduction with each other.

An aqueous electrolyte for a capacitor contains at least one transition metal complex. An aqueous electrolyte containing at least one transition metal complex can be used in a supercapacitor, in a pseudocapacitor, or in a hybrid supercapacitor. A hybrid supercapacitor contains an aqueous electrolyte, which contains at least one transition metal complex.

An aqueous electrolyte for a capacitor contains at least one transition metal complex. An aqueous electrolyte containing at least one transition metal complex can be used in a supercapacitor, in a pseudocapacitor, or in a hybrid supercapacitor. A hybrid supercapacitor contains an aqueous electrolyte, which contains at least one transition metal complex.

A supercapacitor has a cathode and an anode. At least one of the cathode and the anode of the supercapacitor contains at least one material which stores polyvalent cations. Additionally, the supercapacitor also has an electrolyte. The electrolyte contains an electrolyte salt, and the electrolyte salt has at least one polyvalent cation.