An electron gun supporting member includes an insulating supporting member configured such that its one end is connected to a predetermined member having a ground potential and other end is connected to a high-voltage electrode to which a high potential being a negative high potential for emitting electrons from an electron source is applied, so as to support the high-voltage electrode, and a metal film formed in a partial region, which contacts neither the high-voltage electrode nor the predetermined member, on the outer surface of the insulating supporting member.

Apparatuses, systems, and methods for ion traps are described herein. One apparatus includes a number of microwave (MW) rails and a number of radio frequency (RF) rails formed with substantially parallel longitudinal axes and with substantially coplanar upper surfaces. The apparatus includes two sequences of direct current (DC) electrodes with each sequence formed to extend substantially parallel to the substantially parallel longitudinal axes of the MW rails and the RF rails. The apparatus further includes a number of through-silicon vias (TSVs) formed through a substrate of the ion trap and a trench capacitor formed in the substrate around at least one TSV.

Apparatuses, systems, and methods for ion traps are described herein. One apparatus includes a number of microwave (MW) rails and a number of radio frequency (RF) rails formed with substantially parallel longitudinal axes and with substantially coplanar upper surfaces. The apparatus includes two sequences of direct current (DC) electrodes with each sequence formed to extend substantially parallel to the substantially parallel longitudinal axes of the MW rails and the RF rails. The apparatus further includes a number of through-silicon vias (TSVs) formed through a substrate of the ion trap and a trench capacitor formed in the substrate around at least one TSV.

Various methods and systems are provided for an X-ray tube cathode focusing element. In one example, a focusing element is configured with a first side positioned adjacent to an electrode plate. An insulator having a first side is positioned adjacent the electrode plate and a second, opposite side adjacent to a cathode base. The focusing element has at least three filaments of different sizes positioned in respective channels of different widths, where each of the at least three filaments are coupled to two current feedthroughs, each current feedthrough configured with a leg extending through a central, hollow space of the focusing element, the electrode plate, the insulator, and the cathode base.

Various methods and systems are provided for an X-ray tube cathode focusing element. In one example, a focusing element is configured with a first side positioned adjacent to an electrode plate. An insulator having a first side is positioned adjacent the electrode plate and a second, opposite side adjacent to a cathode base. The focusing element has at least three filaments of different sizes positioned in respective channels of different widths, where each of the at least three filaments are coupled to two current feedthroughs, each current feedthrough configured with a leg extending through a central, hollow space of the focusing element, the electrode plate, the insulator, and the cathode base.

An illustrative battery is provided. The battery includes a container and a lead wire positioned within the container. The lead wire includes a first end and a second end. A vacuum chamber is positioned within the container and coupled to the second end of the lead wire. The vacuumed chamber including a plurality of charged particles circulating a magnet causing opposite charges to accumulate between the first end and the second end of the lead wire, resulting in a voltage difference in the lead wire. The voltage difference is supplied to a circuit using the first end of the lead wire.

An illustrative battery is provided. The battery includes a container and a lead wire positioned within the container. The lead wire includes a first end and a second end. A vacuum chamber is positioned within the container and coupled to the second end of the lead wire. The vacuumed chamber including a plurality of charged particles circulating a magnet causing opposite charges to accumulate between the first end and the second end of the lead wire, resulting in a voltage difference in the lead wire. The voltage difference is supplied to a circuit using the first end of the lead wire.