An improved vaccine for immunization of waterfowl such as ducks and geese comprises an inactivated strain of a mycoplasma infecting waterfowl, such as Mycoplasma sp. strain 1220; the vaccine can include an excipient and an adjuvant. Methods for immunization of waterfowl with the vaccine are also described.

Disclosed are a bacteriologically-modified whole-cell tumor vaccine and a method of making the same. The method includes: lysing bacteria at logarithmic growth phase to obtain a bacterial lysate; mixing the bacterial lysate with an excessive amino compound solution to aminate the bacterial lysate in the presence of EDC; mixing the aminated bacterial lysate with the tumor cells for a certain period of time to produce bacteriologically-modified tumor cells; and inactivating the bacteriologically-modified tumor cells to produce the bacteriologically-modified whole-cell tumor vaccine. The bacteriologically-modified whole-cell tumor vaccine has been demonstrated to have desirable therapeutic effect in tumor model mice.

Pharmaceutical compositions and preparation including outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier wherein said OMVs are native OMVs produced by the Gram-negative commensal bacteria Bacteroides.

A nutraceutical composition comprising prebiotics, probiotics, and/or synbiotics, spirulina, cereals and micronutrients for improving a person's health, and methods for boosting the immune system and improving vaccine effectiveness in vulnerable populations with the nutraceutical composition, including undernourished children, lactating and pregnant mothers in LDCs, the elderly, and persons with cancer or at risk of developing cancer.

The present invention provides methods for determining if a patient is likely to benefit from a cancer treatment, by determining if said patient has a gut dysbiosis with an over representation of certain bacterial species. The present invention also provides probiotic strains to improve the efficacy of a cancer treatment, especially chemotherapy, in patients in need thereof.

The invention pertains to a complex of an OMV, a vertebrate antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and an antigen, wherein the AMP is non-covalently complexed with the OMV and wherein the antigen is conjugated to the AMP. Preferably, the antigen is covalently linked to the AMP. The invention further concerns the induction of an immune response using the complex of the invention as well as a method for producing the complex of the invention.

The invention relates to gut microbiota profiles associated with response or resistance to treatments with ICB, in particular with anti-PD1 or anti PD-L1 or anti-PD-L2 antibodies. In particular, the invention pertains to a theranostic method for identifying good responders, to whom an anti-PD1 or anti PD-L1 or anti-PD-L2 can be administered, while a pre-treatment based on FMT and/or immunogenic probiotics is recommended to bad responders exhibiting a dysbiosis. In particular, the present invention pertains to Akkermansia muciniphila as the main commensal species distinguishing responders from progressors and its use alone or with E. hirae for the treatment of antibiotics or gut repertoire insufficiency-associated dysbiosis.

The present invention relates to an anti-cancer regulatory response and immunotherapy by Mycobacterium paragordonae (M. paragordonae). Mycobacterium paragordonae according to an aspect has cancer cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer cells or T cells as well as cytotoxicity against cancer cells, and inhibits activation of cancer cytotoxicity regulatory T cells of macrophages or dendritic cells to induce an immune response, thereby inhibiting tumor formation and thus being useful for a cancer immunotherapeutic agent.

It has been discovered that lung tumor growth is associated with a dysregulation of the local microbiota, including an increased total bacterial load and reduced bacterial diversity in the airway. In the lungs, commensal bacteria, which are otherwise non-pathogenic and colonize pulmonary tissue at a much lower density in healthy individuals, provoke chronic inflammation and exacerbation of lung cancer through tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Thus, targeting the lung microbiota and its responding immune pathways is useful in treating lung cancer. Disclosed are compositions and methods targeting the lung microbiota and its responding immune pathways in a subject by specific targeting of commensal bacteria in the subject. Typically, the methods involve administering an effective amount of one or more therapeutics such as an antibiotic that reduces the local bacterial load, blocks or depletes tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and/or locally inhibits one or more cytokines or chemokines.

The present invention relates to a polymersome comprising a soluble encapsulated antigen, wherein the soluble encapsulated antigen is a soluble fragment of a Spike protein of a human-pathogenic coronavirus, as well as a combination of a population of such polymersomes, and a second population of polymersomes comprising an encapsulated adjuvant. The present invention also relates to related methods, such as methods of treatment, kits, compositions, such a vaccine, and medical uses, such as in the treatment of a human-pathogenic coronavirus infection.