An image sensor has a photocathode window assembly, an anode assembly, and a malleable metal seal. The photocathode window assembly has a photocathode layer. The anode assembly includes a silicon substrate that has an electron sensitive surface. The malleable metal seal bonds the photocathode window assembly and the silicon substrate to each other. A vacuum gap separates the photocathode layer from the electron sensitive surface. A first electrical connection and a second electrical connection are for a voltage bias of the photocathode layer relative to the electron sensitive surface.

Disclosed herein is an apparatus comprising: a plurality of locations configured to have probes attached thereto, wherein interaction between the probes and an analyte generates a signal; an optical system comprising a plurality of collimators; a sensor comprising a plurality of pixels configured to detect the signal; wherein the collimators are configured to essentially prevent light from passing if a deviation of a propagation direction of the light from an optical axis of the collimators is greater than a threshold.

Disclosed herein is an apparatus comprising: a plurality of locations configured to have probes attached thereto, wherein interaction between the probes and an analyte generates a signal; an optical system comprising a plurality of collimators; a sensor comprising a plurality of pixels configured to detect the signal; wherein the collimators are configured to essentially prevent light from passing if a deviation of a propagation direction of the light from an optical axis of the collimators is greater than a threshold.

Some embodiments include a system, comprising: a high voltage enclosure; a cathode disposed in the high voltage enclosure; an anode disposed in the high voltage enclosure; a plurality of grids disposed in the high voltage enclosure between the cathode and the anode; a voltage source configured to generate a common grid voltage; and a voltage divider disposed in the high voltage enclosure, configured to generate a plurality of grid voltages based on the common grid voltage, and configured to apply at least two of the grid voltages to the grids.

Some embodiments include a system, comprising: a high voltage enclosure; a cathode disposed in the high voltage enclosure; an anode disposed in the high voltage enclosure; a plurality of grids disposed in the high voltage enclosure between the cathode and the anode; a voltage source configured to generate a common grid voltage; and a voltage divider disposed in the high voltage enclosure, configured to generate a plurality of grid voltages based on the common grid voltage, and configured to apply at least two of the grid voltages to the grids.

The present application discloses an array substrate comprising a first substrate, a first electrode on the first substrate, a passivation layer on a side of the first electrode distal to the first substrate, the passivation layer comprising a plurality of first vias, each of which corresponds to a different part of the first electrode, an electron emission source layer on a side of the first electrode distal to the first substrate comprising at least one electron emission source in each of the plurality of first vias, and a dielectric layer on a side of the first electrode distal to the first substrate comprising a plurality of dielectric blocks corresponding to the plurality of first vias, at least a portion of each of the plurality of dielectric blocks in each of the plurality of first vias. The at least one electron emission source comprises a first portion having a first end and a second portion having a second end. The first end is in contact with the first electrode, the first portion is within a corresponding one of the plurality of dielectric blocks. The second portion and the second end are outside the corresponding one of the plurality of dielectric blocks.

The present application discloses an array substrate comprising a first substrate, a first electrode on the first substrate, a passivation layer on a side of the first electrode distal to the first substrate, the passivation layer comprising a plurality of first vias, each of which corresponds to a different part of the first electrode, an electron emission source layer on a side of the first electrode distal to the first substrate comprising at least one electron emission source in each of the plurality of first vias, and a dielectric layer on a side of the first electrode distal to the first substrate comprising a plurality of dielectric blocks corresponding to the plurality of first vias, at least a portion of each of the plurality of dielectric blocks in each of the plurality of first vias. The at least one electron emission source comprises a first portion having a first end and a second portion having a second end. The first end is in contact with the first electrode, the first portion is within a corresponding one of the plurality of dielectric blocks. The second portion and the second end are outside the corresponding one of the plurality of dielectric blocks.

Aspects of the present disclosure describe an atomic oven including a cathode, an anode that comprises a source material, and a power supply that provides a voltage between the cathode and the anode, wherein applying the voltage causes multiple electrons from the cathode to ablate the source material from the anode or locally heat the anode to cause source material to evaporate from the anode and, in both case, to produce a stream of ablated or evaporated particles that passes through an opening in the cathode.

Aspects of the present disclosure describe an atomic oven including a cathode, an anode that comprises a source material, and a power supply that provides a voltage between the cathode and the anode, wherein applying the voltage causes multiple electrons from the cathode to ablate the source material from the anode or locally heat the anode to cause source material to evaporate from the anode and, in both case, to produce a stream of ablated or evaporated particles that passes through an opening in the cathode.

A device for generating a source current of charge carriers by a field emission and a method stabilizing a source current of charge carriers emitted by a field emission element are disclosed. In an embodiment the device includes at least one field emission element from which the charge carriers emerge during operation, which lead to an emission current in the field emission element, at least one extraction electrode in order to extract the charge carriers from the field emission element, wherein a first part of the extracted charge carriers contributes to the source current, and a second part of the extracted charge carriers impinges on the extraction electrode and leads to an extraction current in the extraction electrode, an additional electrode on which the source current of charge carriers impinges at least in part and which contributes to an electrode current in the additional electrode.