A radiation detection element includes a base material, a first electrode, a second electrode, a third electrode, a fourth electrode, a fifth electrode, a first external terminal, a second external terminal, a third external terminal, and a fourth external terminal. Each of the first external terminal, the second external terminal, the third external terminal, and the fourth external terminal is a solder ball, and the first external terminal, the second external terminal, the third external terminal, and the fourth external terminal are insulated from each other. A region provided on the first electrode, the second electrode, the third electrode, the fourth electrode, and the fifth electrode overlaps at least one of the first external terminal, the second external terminal, the third external terminal, and the fourth external terminal in a view vertical to the first surface side of the base material.

A radiation detection element includes a base material, a first electrode, a second electrode, a third electrode, a fourth electrode, a fifth electrode, a first external terminal, a second external terminal, a third external terminal, and a fourth external terminal. Each of the first external terminal, the second external terminal, the third external terminal, and the fourth external terminal is a solder ball, and the first external terminal, the second external terminal, the third external terminal, and the fourth external terminal are insulated from each other. A region provided on the first electrode, the second electrode, the third electrode, the fourth electrode, and the fifth electrode overlaps at least one of the first external terminal, the second external terminal, the third external terminal, and the fourth external terminal in a view vertical to the first surface side of the base material.

A photoionization detector comprised of a sensor having at least a collector electrode and a grounding electrode, a gas discharge lamp that ionizes molecules of interest to create ionized molecules and electrons, and an amplifier connected to the collector electrode. Each of the collector electrode and the grounding electrode include a feed-thru pin, an inner trace surrounding the feed-thru pin, an outer trace surrounding the inner trace, wherein the outer trace on each electrode is comprised of the same material, a channel between the inner trace and the outer trace, wherein the channel is comprised of a different material than the outer trace and the inner trace, and a bridge connecting the outer trace with the inner trace. The ionized molecules are collectable by a bias electrode and electrons are collectable by the collector electrode.

A photoionization detector comprised of a sensor having at least a collector electrode and a grounding electrode, a gas discharge lamp that ionizes molecules of interest to create ionized molecules and electrons, and an amplifier connected to the collector electrode. Each of the collector electrode and the grounding electrode include a feed-thru pin, an inner trace surrounding the feed-thru pin, an outer trace surrounding the inner trace, wherein the outer trace on each electrode is comprised of the same material, a channel between the inner trace and the outer trace, wherein the channel is comprised of a different material than the outer trace and the inner trace, and a bridge connecting the outer trace with the inner trace. The ionized molecules are collectable by a bias electrode and electrons are collectable by the collector electrode.

A method and device convert radiation energy to electrical energy using an ionizable medium, anode, and cathode.

A method and device convert radiation energy to electrical energy using an ionizable medium, anode, and cathode.

A device for detecting includes a cathode forming a hollow sphere, filled with an ionisation and amplification gas, and an anode placed at the centre of the hollow sphere by the intermediary of a maintaining cane, wherein the anode is formed by an insulating ball and by at least two conductive balls positioned around the insulating ball and at the same predetermined distance from the insulating ball.

Disclosed in an alpha particle detection apparatus using a dual probe structured ionization chamber and a differential amplifier, the apparatus including: an ionization chamber forming electric field thereinside by bias power applied to a surface thereof; a main probe unit absorbing ionic charges generated in an occurrence of alpha () decay in the ionization chamber; a guard ring unit absorbing leakage current generated between the ionization chamber and the main probe unit and flowing the leakage current to a ground; an auxiliary probe allowing surrounding noise to be introduced therein; first and second preamplifiers amplifying fine electrical signals to a predetermined magnitude; and a differential canceling a noise signal and outputting an alpha particle detection signal by amplifying a voltage difference between the preamplified electrical signals. As such, it is possible to effectively detect alpha () particles which are a type of radiation.

Embodiments disclosed herein include a method for field adjusting calibrating factors of a plurality of RF impedance matches for control of a plurality of plasma chambers. In an embodiment, the method comprises collecting and storing in a memory data from operation of the plurality of RF impedance matches, and finding a tune space for each of the plurality of RF impedance matches from the collected data. In an embodiment, the method further comprises finding adjustments to account for variability in each of the plurality of RF impedance matches, finding adjustments to variable tuning elements of the plurality of RF impedance matches to account for time varying and process related load impedances, and the method further comprises obtaining operating windows for the variable tuning elements in the plurality of RF impedance matches.

In one embodiment of the invention, a method for irradiating a target is disclosed. A proton beam is generated using a cyclotron. A first information is provided to an energy selection system. An energy level for the protons is selected using an energy selection system based on the first information. The first information comprises a depth of said target. The proton beam is routed from the cyclotron through a beam transfer line to a scanning system. A second information is provided to the scanning system. The second information comprises a pair of transversal coordinates. The proton beam is guided to a location on the target determined by the second information using a magnet structure. The target is irradiated with the protons.