An ionically conductive asymmetric composite membrane for use in redox flow battery, fuel cell, electrolysis applications and the like is described. It comprises a microporous substrate membrane and an asymmetric hydrophilic ionomeric polymer coating layer on the surface of the microporous substrate layer. The coating layer is made of a hydrophilic ionomeric polymer. The asymmetric hydrophilic ionomeric polymer coating layer comprises a porous layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the porous layer on the surface of the microporous substrate layer and a nonporous layer on the second surface of the porous support layer. The microporous substrate membrane is made from a different polymer from the hydrophilic ionomeric polymer.

An ionically conductive asymmetric composite membrane for use in redox flow battery, fuel cell, electrolysis applications and the like is described. It comprises a microporous substrate membrane and an asymmetric hydrophilic ionomeric polymer coating layer on the surface of the microporous substrate layer. The coating layer is made of a hydrophilic ionomeric polymer. The asymmetric hydrophilic ionomeric polymer coating layer comprises a porous layer having a first surface and a second surface, the first surface of the porous layer on the surface of the microporous substrate layer and a nonporous layer on the second surface of the porous support layer. The microporous substrate membrane is made from a different polymer from the hydrophilic ionomeric polymer.

A solid electrolyte includes partially stabilized zirconia in which a stabilizer forms a solid solution in zirconia. The partially stabilized zirconia includes, as crystal particles that configure the partially stabilized zirconia, stabilizer low-concentration phase particles of which concentration of the stabilizer at a particle center is less than 4.7 mol % and stabilizer high-concentration phase particles of which the concentration of the stabilizer at the particle center is equal to or greater than 4.7 mol %. The partially stabilized zirconia includes an adjacent particle portion in which two or more particles of the stabilizer low-concentration phase particles of which an average particle size is greater than 0.1 μm are adjacent. An abundance ratio of the stabilizer high-concentration phase particles on a cross-section of the solid electrolyte is equal to or greater than 70% in terms of area ratio relative to all crystal particles.

Methods and systems are provided for a redox flow battery system. In one example, the redox flow battery is adapted with an additive included in a battery electrolyte and an anion exchange membrane separator dividing positive electrolyte from negative electrolyte. An overall system cost of the battery system may be reduced while a storage capacity, energy density and performance may be increased.

Methods and systems are provided for a redox flow battery system. In one example, the redox flow battery is adapted with an additive included in a battery electrolyte and an anion exchange membrane separator dividing positive electrolyte from negative electrolyte. An overall system cost of the battery system may be reduced while a storage capacity, energy density and performance may be increased.

A cell stack is in which a plurality of battery cells are stacked, including an electrode of a porous body, and a bipolar plate facing the electrode, in which the bipolar plate includes an introduction portion of an electrolyte, a discharge portion of the electrolyte, and a plurality of first grooves extending from a side at which the introduction portion is disposed toward a side at which the discharge portion is disposed, each of the plurality of first grooves allows the electrolyte in each of the plurality of first grooves flow toward the discharge portion, R.sub.2/R.sub.1 is 7×10.sup.−11 or more and 2×10.sup.−4 or less, R.sub.1 is a permeation resistance indicating a difficulty of a flow of the electrolyte in the electrode, and R.sub.2 is a permeation resistance indicating the difficulty of the flow of the electrolyte in each of the plurality of first grooves.

A rechargeable electrical energy accumulator including a metal-air electrochemical cell, or battery, and an oxygen and nitrogen separator/concentrator connected to the battery for separating and concentrating, separately, the oxygen and nitrogen present in the air The battery includes a container made of non-conductive material and a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber containing at least one metal anode, at least one cathode, connected to said oxygen and nitrogen separator/concentrator, and an electrolyte placed in contact with said at least one metal anode and at least one cathode. The metal-air battery includes capabilities for inertization of the anode by interposing an inert gas between said at least one anode (and said electrolyte when the battery is not in use, ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers, positioned near the edge of the container and/or on the surface of the least one anode, immersed in the electrolyte, the piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers generating a continuous ultrasonic pressure wave.

A rechargeable electrical energy accumulator including a metal-air electrochemical cell, or battery, and an oxygen and nitrogen separator/concentrator connected to the battery for separating and concentrating, separately, the oxygen and nitrogen present in the air The battery includes a container made of non-conductive material and a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber containing at least one metal anode, at least one cathode, connected to said oxygen and nitrogen separator/concentrator, and an electrolyte placed in contact with said at least one metal anode and at least one cathode. The metal-air battery includes capabilities for inertization of the anode by interposing an inert gas between said at least one anode (and said electrolyte when the battery is not in use, ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers, positioned near the edge of the container and/or on the surface of the least one anode, immersed in the electrolyte, the piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers generating a continuous ultrasonic pressure wave.

This perfluoropolyether-based adhesive composition contains: (A) a linear perfluoropolyether compound containing two or more alkenyl groups in one molecule and having a number average molecular weight of 2,000 or more and a weight loss ratio of 1% or less when heated at 150° C. for 1 hour; (B) a fluorine-containing organohydrogenpolysiloxane compound which contains at least one fluorine-containing organic group, and does not contain an epoxy group and a trialkoxysilyl group, and which has a number average molecular weight of 1,000-4,000 and a weight loss ratio of 20% or less when heated at 150° C. for 1 hour; (C) a platinum group metal compound; and (D) an organohydrogenpolysiloxane compound which contains at least one of each of an epoxy group and/or a trialkoxysilyl group bonded to a silicon atom via a carbon atom or a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, and which has a number average molecular weight of 700 or more,
wherein the perfluoropolyether-based adhesive composition is used to provide a cured product of a fluorine-containing elastomer which has decreased contamination of peripheral parts caused by an outgas generated during heat-curing.

This perfluoropolyether-based adhesive composition contains: (A) a linear perfluoropolyether compound containing two or more alkenyl groups in one molecule and having a number average molecular weight of 2,000 or more and a weight loss ratio of 1% or less when heated at 150° C. for 1 hour; (B) a fluorine-containing organohydrogenpolysiloxane compound which contains at least one fluorine-containing organic group, and does not contain an epoxy group and a trialkoxysilyl group, and which has a number average molecular weight of 1,000-4,000 and a weight loss ratio of 20% or less when heated at 150° C. for 1 hour; (C) a platinum group metal compound; and (D) an organohydrogenpolysiloxane compound which contains at least one of each of an epoxy group and/or a trialkoxysilyl group bonded to a silicon atom via a carbon atom or a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, and which has a number average molecular weight of 700 or more,
wherein the perfluoropolyether-based adhesive composition is used to provide a cured product of a fluorine-containing elastomer which has decreased contamination of peripheral parts caused by an outgas generated during heat-curing.