A zinc-bromine flow battery is proposed. The battery may include a conductive interlayer that can reduce the amount of inactive zinc in the form of dendrites on a negative electrode, thereby improving the zinc desorption process and improving the capacity and lifespan characteristics of the battery. The battery may include a membrane, a first electrode stacked on one side of the membrane, and a second electrode stacked on other side of the membrane. The battery may also include a conductive interlayer interposed between a negative electrode from among the first and second electrodes and the membrane and having a log value of hydrogen generation exchange current density of −4 or less in an acid-based electrolyte.

A zinc-bromine flow battery is proposed. The battery may include a conductive interlayer that can reduce the amount of inactive zinc in the form of dendrites on a negative electrode, thereby improving the zinc desorption process and improving the capacity and lifespan characteristics of the battery. The battery may include a membrane, a first electrode stacked on one side of the membrane, and a second electrode stacked on other side of the membrane. The battery may also include a conductive interlayer interposed between a negative electrode from among the first and second electrodes and the membrane and having a log value of hydrogen generation exchange current density of −4 or less in an acid-based electrolyte.

Separator systems for electrochemical systems providing electronic, mechanical and chemical properties useful for applications including electrochemical storage and conversion. Separator systems include structural, physical and electrostatic attributes useful for managing and controlling dendrite formation and for improving the cycle life and rate capability of electrochemical cells including silicon anode based batteries, air cathode based batteries, redox flow batteries, solid electrolyte based systems, fuel cells, flow batteries and semisolid batteries. Separators include multilayer, porous geometries supporting excellent ion transport properties, providing a barrier to prevent dendrite initiated mechanical failure, shorting or thermal runaway, or providing improved electrode conductivity and improved electric field uniformity, as well as composite solid electrolytes with supporting mesh or fiber systems providing solid electrolyte hardness and safety with supporting mesh or fiber toughness and long life required for thin solid electrolytes without fabrication pinholes or operationally created cracks.

Separator systems for electrochemical systems providing electronic, mechanical and chemical properties useful for applications including electrochemical storage and conversion. Separator systems include structural, physical and electrostatic attributes useful for managing and controlling dendrite formation and for improving the cycle life and rate capability of electrochemical cells including silicon anode based batteries, air cathode based batteries, redox flow batteries, solid electrolyte based systems, fuel cells, flow batteries and semisolid batteries. Separators include multilayer, porous geometries supporting excellent ion transport properties, providing a barrier to prevent dendrite initiated mechanical failure, shorting or thermal runaway, or providing improved electrode conductivity and improved electric field uniformity, as well as composite solid electrolytes with supporting mesh or fiber systems providing solid electrolyte hardness and safety with supporting mesh or fiber toughness and long life required for thin solid electrolytes without fabrication pinholes or operationally created cracks.

An exemplary fuel cell ship is a fuel cell ship for propelling a hull by using electric power supplied from a fuel cell that generates electric power through an electrochemical reaction of fuel, and includes a compartment including an emission source of the fuel and a first detector arranged in the compartment to detect the fuel. If the first detector detects that a concentration of the fuel in the compartment is equal to or greater than a first threshold value, a power supply to a non-explosion-proof device in the compartment is stopped.

An exemplary fuel cell ship is a fuel cell ship for propelling a hull by using electric power supplied from a fuel cell that generates electric power through an electrochemical reaction of fuel, and includes a compartment including an emission source of the fuel and a first detector arranged in the compartment to detect the fuel. If the first detector detects that a concentration of the fuel in the compartment is equal to or greater than a first threshold value, a power supply to a non-explosion-proof device in the compartment is stopped.

A production method includes: an alkali extraction step of adding an alkali and water, or an alkali solution, to raw material ash containing an ammonium sulfate component, sulfuric acid, vanadium, and at least one other metal selected from nickel, iron, and magnesium, wherein a pH of 13 or higher is achieved, to obtain an alkali leachate; a solid-liquid separation step on the alkali leachate to obtain a leach filtrate containing vanadium; an evaporation concentration step of evaporating and concentrating the leach filtrate to obtain a concentrated liquid; and a crystallization/solid-liquid separation step of cooling and crystalizing the concentrated liquid and recovering a precipitate containing a vanadium compound. Another production method includes an alkali extraction step, a solid-liquid separation step, an evaporation concentration step, an alkali concentration adjustment step of further adding an alkali or alkali solution to a concentrated liquid to obtain a concentration-adjusted liquid, and a crystallization/solid-liquid separation step.

This invention provides a laser welding method in which a state where the irradiation energy density becomes excessively high by a plurality of times of irradiation with laser is not caused and a defect, such as a hole, does not occur in a workpiece. In order to achieve the object, a laser welding method for welding a plurality of workpieces by irradiating the workpieces in a stacked state with a laser beam is characterized in that, when the laser beam is reciprocatingly emitted along a fixed welding line, the irradiation positions of a start end A and a termination end A″ of the irradiation are shifted away from each other so that the irradiation energy can be dispersed. Moreover, when the laser beam is emitted a plurality of times in the same direction along the fixed welding line, the irradiation positions of the start ends or/and the termination ends of the irradiation are shifted away from each other so that the irradiation energy can be dispersed.

At a position between a fuel offgas inlet portion and a fuel gas inlet portion in a main body portion in the facing direction where a first end faces a second end, a fluid confluence joint is provided with at least either one of (i) at least one step formed over a whole circumference of an inner wall of the main body portion by reducing the passage sectional area on a fuel gas passage portion side to be smaller than the passage sectional area on a confluence passage portion side, and (ii) at least one partition wall formed over the whole circumference so as to project inwardly from the inner wall of the main body portion.

A stack frame is mounted with a battery stack, and is installed in a vehicle. The stack frame includes: a plurality of frame members arranged in a right-left direction of the vehicle; and a cross member extending in the right-left direction of the vehicle and joined to all end surfaces of the plurality of frame members. An end frame member located at least at one end in the right-left direction of the plurality of frame members, includes: an end surface covered region having an end surface covered with the cross member; and an end surface exposed region having an exposed end surface, and the end surface covered region is provided with more mounting holes used for mounting the battery stack than the end surface exposed region.