A redox battery energy storage system including multiple energy storage stacks having multiple reactor cells is disclosed. Each of the energy storage stacks may include an integrated DC/DC converter configured to convert an output voltage of the stacks to a higher output voltage. The output of the DC/DC converts may be coupled in parallel to an energy storage system output bus. By configuring the energy storage system in this manner, inefficiencies and losses caused by shunt electrical currents in the systems may be decreased.

A molten metal battery system includes a plurality of secondary cells electrically connected in series with each other and comprising a plurality of molten metal anodes arranged fluidly in parallel with each other. The system also includes a plurality of electrically isolated molten metal reservoirs, each of the molten metal reservoirs fluidly connected to a corresponding secondary cell of the plurality of secondary cells and configured to exchange molten metal with the corresponding secondary cell while preventing electrical shunt current from flowing between the plurality of secondary cells via the molten metal.

A method of determining a distribution of electrolytes in a flow battery includes providing a flow battery with a fixed amount of fluid electrolyte having a common electrochemically active specie, a portion of the fluid electrolyte serving as an anolyte and a remainder of the fluid electrolyte serving as a catholyte. An average oxidation state of the common electrochemically active specie is determined in the anolyte and the catholyte and, responsive to the determined average oxidation state, a molar ratio of the common electrochemically active specie between the anolyte and the catholyte is adjusted to increase an energy discharge capacity of the flow battery for the determined average oxidation state.

A method of determining a distribution of electrolytes in a flow battery includes providing a flow battery with a fixed amount of fluid electrolyte having a common electrochemically active specie, a portion of the fluid electrolyte serving as an anolyte and a remainder of the fluid electrolyte serving as a catholyte. An average oxidation state of the common electrochemically active specie is determined in the anolyte and the catholyte and, responsive to the determined average oxidation state, a molar ratio of the common electrochemically active specie between the anolyte and the catholyte is adjusted to increase an energy discharge capacity of the flow battery for the determined average oxidation state.

A bio-energy power system comprising a selection process, an extraction process, and a transfer process. More specifically, a bio-energy power system that uses a selection process to create an energy enhanced organism. In some embodiments, the energy is extracted and consumed using an extraction process to create an energy rich homogenate from the energy enhanced organism and a transfer process to transfer the energy from the energy rich homogenate to the grid or to an energy storage device. In other embodiments, the energy enhanced organism is kept alive and the energy is extracted and consumed using a pure quartz water system for extraction and a transfer process to transfer the energy from the pure quartz water system to the grid or to an energy storage device.

A bio-energy power system comprising a selection process, an extraction process, and a transfer process. More specifically, a bio-energy power system that uses a selection process to create an energy enhanced organism. In some embodiments, the energy is extracted and consumed using an extraction process to create an energy rich homogenate from the energy enhanced organism and a transfer process to transfer the energy from the energy rich homogenate to the grid or to an energy storage device. In other embodiments, the energy enhanced organism is kept alive and the energy is extracted and consumed using a pure quartz water system for extraction and a transfer process to transfer the energy from the pure quartz water system to the grid or to an energy storage device.

Redox flow battery 1 include cell frame 20 having recess 21, 22, at least one sheet-like electrode 11, 13 received in recess 21, 22, membrane 15 stacked on cell frame 20 to cover recess 21, 22, and bipolar current collecting member 40 penetrating cell frame 20 at recess 21, 22 and electrically connected to at least one electrode 11, 13, wherein cell frame 20 has flow channels 31-38 communicating with recess 21, 22 so as to allow a fluid containing an active material to flow through recess 21, 22 parallel to membrane 15, and wherein at least one electrode 11, 13 is disposed in recess 21, 22 at an angle where at least one electrode 11, 13 intersects membrane 15.

Systems and methods for energy storage system are provided. The system includes a particle regeneration subsystem for applying electrical energy to regenerate metallic particulate fuel; a fuel storage subsystem for storing metallic particulate fuel, the fuel storage subsystem in fluid communication with the particle regeneration subsystem; and a power generation subsystem for producing electrical energy from the metallic particulate fuel, the power generation subsystem in fluid communication with the fuel storage subsystem; a bearer electrolyte for transporting the metallic particulate fuel through the particle regeneration subsystem, the fuel storage subsystem and the power generation subsystem; and a control unit configured to independently control flow of the bearer electrolyte between the particle regeneration subsystem and the fuel storage subsystem, and the fuel storage subsystem and the power generation subsystem.

Systems and methods for energy storage system are provided. The system includes a particle regeneration subsystem for applying electrical energy to regenerate metallic particulate fuel; a fuel storage subsystem for storing metallic particulate fuel, the fuel storage subsystem in fluid communication with the particle regeneration subsystem; and a power generation subsystem for producing electrical energy from the metallic particulate fuel, the power generation subsystem in fluid communication with the fuel storage subsystem; a bearer electrolyte for transporting the metallic particulate fuel through the particle regeneration subsystem, the fuel storage subsystem and the power generation subsystem; and a control unit configured to independently control flow of the bearer electrolyte between the particle regeneration subsystem and the fuel storage subsystem, and the fuel storage subsystem and the power generation subsystem.

Devices and methods for managing the state of health of an electrolyte in redox flow batteries (RFB) efficiently are described. A diffusion cell is added to the RFB which controls one or more properties of the electrolytes using the diffusion of protons through a proton exchange membrane. The diffusion cell can resemble an electrochemical cell in that there are two fluid chambers divided by a proton conducting membrane. Anolyte flows through one side of the device where it contacts the proton conducting membrane, and catholyte flows through the second side of the device where it contacts the other face of the proton conducting membrane. The concentration gradient of protons from high concentration in the catholyte to low concentration in the anolyte is the driving force for proton diffusion, rather than electromotive force, which greatly simplifies the design and operation.