Disclosed is an electrical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a deposition layer separating the positive electrode and a gas phase that supplies at least one reactive gas; wherein the deposition layer and the positive electrode are in communication with each other via electrolyte(s). Also disclosed is a battery comprising the electrical cell described above and a battery comprising: a cell comprising a negative electrode in communication with an anolyte and a positive electrode in communication with a catholyte; and a gas-liquid reactor, which is fed with the catholyte from the cell and a gas. Additionally, also disclosed is a method for improving the performances of a cell or battery comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a deposition layer separating the positive electrode and a gas phase that supplies at least one reactive gas, wherein the deposition layer and the positive electrode are in communication with each other via electrolyte(s), the method comprising: controlling reaction fronts away from the positive electrode by tuning the flux of compound(s) in the electrolyte(s), which can react with the reactive gas to form a solid, and/or the flux of the reactive gas.

Disclosed is an electrical cell comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a deposition layer separating the positive electrode and a gas phase that supplies at least one reactive gas; wherein the deposition layer and the positive electrode are in communication with each other via electrolyte(s). Also disclosed is a battery comprising the electrical cell described above and a battery comprising: a cell comprising a negative electrode in communication with an anolyte and a positive electrode in communication with a catholyte; and a gas-liquid reactor, which is fed with the catholyte from the cell and a gas. Additionally, also disclosed is a method for improving the performances of a cell or battery comprising a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and a deposition layer separating the positive electrode and a gas phase that supplies at least one reactive gas, wherein the deposition layer and the positive electrode are in communication with each other via electrolyte(s), the method comprising: controlling reaction fronts away from the positive electrode by tuning the flux of compound(s) in the electrolyte(s), which can react with the reactive gas to form a solid, and/or the flux of the reactive gas.

One aspect of the sheet-like air cell of the present invention includes a positive electrode having a catalyst layer, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte solution that are housed in a sheet-like outer case. The electrolyte solution is an aqueous solution that contains an electrolyte salt and has a pH of 3 or more and less than 12. The electrolyte solution contains a water-soluble high-boiling solvent with a boiling point of 150° C. or more in an amount of 3 to 30% by mass of the total solvent. Another aspect of the sheet-like air cell of the present invention includes a positive electrode having a catalyst layer, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte that are housed in a sheet-like outer case. The electrolyte is obtained by blending an electrolyte solution and a thickening agent. The electrolyte solution is an aqueous solution that contains an electrolyte salt and has a pH of 3 or more and less than 12.

One aspect of the sheet-like air cell of the present invention includes a positive electrode having a catalyst layer, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte solution that are housed in a sheet-like outer case. The electrolyte solution is an aqueous solution that contains an electrolyte salt and has a pH of 3 or more and less than 12. The electrolyte solution contains a water-soluble high-boiling solvent with a boiling point of 150° C. or more in an amount of 3 to 30% by mass of the total solvent. Another aspect of the sheet-like air cell of the present invention includes a positive electrode having a catalyst layer, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolyte that are housed in a sheet-like outer case. The electrolyte is obtained by blending an electrolyte solution and a thickening agent. The electrolyte solution is an aqueous solution that contains an electrolyte salt and has a pH of 3 or more and less than 12.

A cathode includes: a mixed conductive layer, wherein the mixed conductive layer includes a core-shell structured particle having a core portion including a solid electrolyte and a shell portion including an electronic conductor, wherein the cathode is configured to use oxygen as a cathode active material.

A cathode includes: a mixed conductive layer, wherein the mixed conductive layer includes a core-shell structured particle having a core portion including a solid electrolyte and a shell portion including an electronic conductor, wherein the cathode is configured to use oxygen as a cathode active material.

A zinc-air charger having a case defining a plurality of pass core vents, and an internal case cavity; a plurality of zinc-air cells that are electrically coupled and disposed within the internal case cavity; a coupling plug configured to couple with and provide electrical power generated by the plurality of zinc-air cells to a device that is separate from the zinc-air charger; and a system configured to: output electrical power generated by the plurality of zinc-air cells to the device; identify a state of the plurality of zinc-air cells, determine, based at least in part on the identified state of the plurality of zinc-air cells, that one or more of the plurality of zinc-air cells are air-starved, and in response to determining that the one or more of the plurality of zinc-air cells are air-starved, generate a power cut-off for a period of time that ceases electrical power output to the device.

A zinc-air charger having a case defining a plurality of pass core vents, and an internal case cavity; a plurality of zinc-air cells that are electrically coupled and disposed within the internal case cavity; a coupling plug configured to couple with and provide electrical power generated by the plurality of zinc-air cells to a device that is separate from the zinc-air charger; and a system configured to: output electrical power generated by the plurality of zinc-air cells to the device; identify a state of the plurality of zinc-air cells, determine, based at least in part on the identified state of the plurality of zinc-air cells, that one or more of the plurality of zinc-air cells are air-starved, and in response to determining that the one or more of the plurality of zinc-air cells are air-starved, generate a power cut-off for a period of time that ceases electrical power output to the device.

A metal air battery apparatus includes: a metal air cell including a cathode layer including pores, an anode layer facing the cathode layer, and a solid electrolyte layer between the cathode layer and the anode layer; and a controller configured to control at least one of a charge rate or a discharge rate of the metal air cell based on a porosity of the cathode layer.

A metal air battery apparatus includes: a metal air cell including a cathode layer including pores, an anode layer facing the cathode layer, and a solid electrolyte layer between the cathode layer and the anode layer; and a controller configured to control at least one of a charge rate or a discharge rate of the metal air cell based on a porosity of the cathode layer.