A solid electrolyte includes an ion conductor represented by at least one of Formulae 1 to 3,
Li.sub.1+3xM1.sub.1−xO.sub.2  Formula 1
wherein, in Formula 1, M1 is a trivalent element, and 0<x<1,
L.sub.1−yM2O.sub.2−yX.sub.y  Formula 2
wherein, in Formula 2, M2 is a trivalent element, X is at least one of a halogen atom or a pseudohalogen, and 0<y<1,
Li.sub.1−z(a−3)M3.sub.1−zD.sub.zO.sub.2  Formula 3
wherein, in Formula 3, M3 is a trivalent element, D is at least one of a monovalent element to a hexavalent element, and 0<z<1.

A solid electrolyte includes an ion conductor represented by at least one of Formulae 1 to 3,
Li.sub.1+3xM1.sub.1−xO.sub.2  Formula 1
wherein, in Formula 1, M1 is a trivalent element, and 0<x<1,
L.sub.1−yM2O.sub.2−yX.sub.y  Formula 2
wherein, in Formula 2, M2 is a trivalent element, X is at least one of a halogen atom or a pseudohalogen, and 0<y<1,
Li.sub.1−z(a−3)M3.sub.1−zD.sub.zO.sub.2  Formula 3
wherein, in Formula 3, M3 is a trivalent element, D is at least one of a monovalent element to a hexavalent element, and 0<z<1.

An electrochemical cell utilizes an air flow device that draws air through the cell from a scrubber that may be removed while the system is operating. The negative pressure generated by the air flow device allows ambient air to enter the cell housing when the scrubber is removed, thereby enabling continued operation without the scrubber. A moisture management system passes outflow air from the cell through a humidity exchange module that transfers moisture to the air inflow, thereby increasing the humidity of the air inflow. A recirculation feature comprising a valve allow a controller to recirculate at least a portion of the outflow air back into the inflow air. The system may comprise an inflow bypass conduit and valve that allows the humidified inflow air to pass into the cell inlet without passing through the scrubber. The scrubber may contain reversible or irreversible scrubber media.

An electrochemical cell utilizes an air flow device that draws air through the cell from a scrubber that may be removed while the system is operating. The negative pressure generated by the air flow device allows ambient air to enter the cell housing when the scrubber is removed, thereby enabling continued operation without the scrubber. A moisture management system passes outflow air from the cell through a humidity exchange module that transfers moisture to the air inflow, thereby increasing the humidity of the air inflow. A recirculation feature comprising a valve allow a controller to recirculate at least a portion of the outflow air back into the inflow air. The system may comprise an inflow bypass conduit and valve that allows the humidified inflow air to pass into the cell inlet without passing through the scrubber. The scrubber may contain reversible or irreversible scrubber media.

A lithium-air battery cell wherein the positive electrode includes a solid p-type electroactive organic catalyst lithium salt and a battery pack including several lithium-air battery cells. The use of a battery pack as a rechargeable battery for vehicles, such as electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles, electronic devices, and stationary power generating devices. Finally, a vehicle, an electronic device, and a stationary power generating device, including a battery pack.

A lithium-air battery cell wherein the positive electrode includes a solid p-type electroactive organic catalyst lithium salt and a battery pack including several lithium-air battery cells. The use of a battery pack as a rechargeable battery for vehicles, such as electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles, electronic devices, and stationary power generating devices. Finally, a vehicle, an electronic device, and a stationary power generating device, including a battery pack.

A method for operating a metal-hydrogen battery includes monitoring an indicator of degeneration of the metal-hydrogen battery during normal cycles of discharge and charge; determining whether the energy efficiency of the metal-hydrogen battery during normal cycles of discharge and charge is decayed based on the indicator; and in response to determining that the metal-hydrogen battery during normal cycles of discharge and charge is decayed due to oxidation, regenerating the metal-hydrogen battery.

The sheet mask includes multiple battery parts arranged such that electric currents flow along mimic muscles or flows of lymph. This allows an active ingredient to penetrate into in-body tissues more effectively and also allows the mimic muscles and the lymphatic vessels to be electrically stimulated. Forming the battery parts by using materials with low environmental load allows easy disposal of the sheet mask in everyday life.

The sheet mask includes multiple battery parts arranged such that electric currents flow along mimic muscles or flows of lymph. This allows an active ingredient to penetrate into in-body tissues more effectively and also allows the mimic muscles and the lymphatic vessels to be electrically stimulated. Forming the battery parts by using materials with low environmental load allows easy disposal of the sheet mask in everyday life.

A three-dimensional electrode array for use in electrochemical cells, fuel cells, capacitors, supercapacitors, flow batteries, metal-air batteries and semi-solid batteries.