The redox flow secondary battery includes an electrolytic cell including a positive electrode cell, a negative electrode cell, and a separation membrane that separates the positive electrode cell and the negative electrode cell. Moreover, the above described redox flow secondary battery is configured as follows. That is, the separation membrane has a microporous membrane and an ion-exchange resin layer contacting the microporous membrane, and the air resistance of the separation membrane per thickness of 200 μm is 10000 sec/100 cc or more. Furthermore, the microporous membrane includes a polyolefin resin or a vinylidene fluoride resin and an inorganic filler. Further, the smoothness of at least a surface of the microporous membrane contacting the ion-exchange resin layer is 16000 seconds or less.

A power supply apparatus, a power supply system, and a power supply method increase the power generation efficiency of the system overall in a system that includes a plurality of power source units. A power supply apparatus operates distributed power sources in parallel, the distributed power sources including power source units, and supplies output power from the distributed power sources to a load. The power supply apparatus includes a controller that controls each power source unit so that output power from whichever of the power source units has higher power generation efficiency is prioritized to increase.

The present invention relates to use of a quaternary ammonium salt-type anthraquinone-based active material, and a salt cavern organic aqueous redox flow battery. The quaternary ammonium salt-type anthraquinone-based active material is used as a negative active material in a salt cavern battery, and a quaternary ammonium salt group is introduced, which can improve the solubility of anthraquinone in a neutral sodium chloride solution, thereby increasing the energy density of the battery. Also, the material has a relatively good stability, without the need for charging and discharging under the protection of an inert gas environment.

Disclosed is a modular electrical energy storage and supply system configured one or more transportable unit for relocating the system from one site location to another site location. The system includes energy storage modules, energy conversion unit, monitoring and control units, one or more energy storage module interconnection interfaces, and other peripheral electrical components arranged spatially separated, securely enclosed, and uniformly distributed within the one or more transportable unit for facilitating transportation and customization of the system. Further, presented is a differentiated system and method for rapidly deploying energy storage in grid-tied, off-grid, backup or other use cases.

A high-temperature fuel cell system includes a reformer that reforms a hydrocarbon-based raw fuel to generate a reformed gas containing hydrogen, a fuel cell that generates power by using the reformed gas and an oxidant gas, and a burner that heats the reformer. The burner includes an anode-off-gas gathering portion that has an anode-off-gas ejection hole and at which an anode off-gas discharged from an anode of the fuel cell gathers. The anode-off-gas gathering portion surrounds a first cathode-off-gas passing area through which a cathode off-gas discharged from a cathode of the fuel cell passes. The anode-off-gas ejection hole is formed such that the anode off-gas ejected upward from the anode-off-gas ejection hole approaches the cathode off-gas passing upward through the first cathode-off-gas passing area. The anode off-gas ejected from the anode-off-gas ejection hole and the cathode off-gas that has passed through the first cathode-off-gas passing area are burned.

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for enhancing production of an aquaculture pond. The systems generally comprise a photo electrolysis array that includes an electrolyzer module and a photovoltaic cell. The electrolyzer module is operable to produce hydrogen and oxygen. A diffuser diffuses the produced oxygen into the aquaculture pond water, thereby increasing the concentration of oxygen in the aquaculture pond.

Microbial fuel cells capable of generating energy from an organic-based fuel are described. The microbial fuel cells can include an anode component, a cathode component, and a separator component selected to reduce spacing between the anode and the cathode thereby improving performance of the microbial fuel cell. Cathode components including particular components that improve the lifetime, performance, and production of the cathode component at reduced cost also are described, as well as a method of using the microbial fuel cells.

An autonomous deployment system for deploying systems and a method of deploying a seafloor device. The autonomous deployment system includes a release unit, a support frame, a plurality of mats, a hose, a plurality of weighted bands, a gas supply, a waterproof housing, and a timer. The method of deploying a seafloor device includes spooling a plurality of mats in a rolled-up position, each of said plurality of mats comprising a hose, wherein each mat is adjacent to a support frame, submerging the seafloor device in a body of water, releasing the seafloor device from a vessel via a release unit, supplying gas to each hose of the plurality of mats, unfurling each of the plurality of mats from the support frame, sinking the seafloor device to lay on the seafloor. The invention may also include a microbial fuel cell and support weights.

An energy storage system includes: a combustion turbine configured to output heated sweep gas; a reformer configured to receive natural gas and steam and to output reformed natural gas; a molten carbonate electrolyzer cell (“MCEC”) comprising an MCEC anode and an MCEC cathode, wherein the MCEC is configured to operate in a hydrogen-generation mode in which: the MCEC anode receives the reformed natural gas from the reformer, and outputs MCEC anode exhaust that contains hydrogen, and the MCEC cathode is configured to receive heated sweep gas from the combustion turbine, and to output MCEC cathode exhaust; and a storage tank configured to receive the MCEC anode exhaust that contains hydrogen.

A SOFC system for producing a refined carbon dioxide product, electrical power, and a compressed hydrogen product is presented. The system can include a hydrodesulfurization system, a steam reformer, a water-gas shift reactor system, a hydrogen purification system, a hydrogen compression and storage system, a pre-reformer, and a CO2 purification and liquidification system.