Disclosed is an aqueous electrolyte for redox flow battery, including a compound of formula (I)

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and/or an ion of compound (I), and/or a salt of compound (I), and/or a reduced form of the anthraquinone member of compound (I), wherein: X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, a linear, cyclic or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted, hydrocarbon group including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a OH group and a —O-A-R.sup.1 group, A representing a linear, cyclic or branched, saturated or unsaturated, optionally substituted, hydrocarbon group including from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; R.sup.1 representing COOH or SO.sub.3H; wherein one and only one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 is OH, and wherein one and only one of X.sup.1, X.sup.2, X.sup.4, X.sup.5, X.sup.6, X.sup.7 and X.sup.8 is —O-A-R.sup.1.

The present invention relates to electrolyte compositions comprising distinct redox-active compounds, namely, a redox-active compound, which is phenazine or a phenazine derivative, and a distinct redox-active compound, which is not phenazine or a phenazine derivative. The present invention also relates to the use of such electrolyte compositions as redox flow battery electrolytes. Accordingly, the invention further provides a redox flow battery comprising said compositions.

Provided are an iontophoresis device for drug delivery, a method for preparing the iontophoresis device, a kit including the iontophoresis device, and a method for delivering a drug by using the iontophoresis device.

invention relates to a distributing structure (10) for a fuel cell (1) in the form of a microporous layer, having: a multiplicity of particles (11), wherein the particles (11) are designed to provide the distributing structure (10) with mechanical stability and electrical conductivity, and wherein a multiplicity of pores (P) are formed between the particles (11) for the purposes of distributing reactants (H2, O2) through the distributing structure (10) and of discharging a product water (H2O), the invention providing, for this purpose, a multiplicity of fibres (12), which are distributed within the microporous layer such that the distributing structure (10) has a first diffusion coefficient (D1) in a first planar direction (x) in relation to the plane of extent (x, y) of the microporous layer, and that the distributing structure (10) has a second diffusion coefficient (D2) in a second planar direction (y) in relation to the plane of extent

A process for preparing surface-modified carbon, comprising adding carbon material to a solution of a reaction product of primary aromatic amine and excess molar amount of nitrite source, and recovering surface-modified carbon bearing redox-active sites. Surface-modified carbon material, electrodes and capacitors based thereon are also provided.

A printed battery that supplies a transmission and/or reception unit of an RFID tag with an electrical current of at peak ≥ 400 mA includes a layer stack having an anode configured as a layer that contains particulate metallic zinc or a particulate metallic zinc alloy as an active electrode material and a first resilient binder or binder mixture, and a cathode configured as a layer that contains a particulate metal oxide as an active electrode material, at least one conductivity additive to control the electrical conductivity of the cathode, and a second resilient binder or binder mixture, and a separator configured as a layer that electrically insulates the anode and the cathode from one another, a first electrical conductor in direct contact with the anode, and a second electrical conductor in direct contact with the cathode, and a housing that encloses the layer stack.

The present invention relates to an energy storage device comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an aqueous polymer electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. At least one of the electrodes is an organic electrode. The aqueous polymer electrolyte comprises a metal ion component comprising a metal cation being Na.sup.+ or K.sup.+; a polymer or copolymer comprising at least one monomer unit being a carboxylic acid. At least 20 mol-% of a total amount of monomers in the polymer is monomers comprising carboxylic acid.

An electrolyte including a mixture of hydroxynaphtoquinone and a precursor material thereof is provided. The electrolyte may achieve higher capacities.

The neutral zinc manganese battery includes a neutral zinc manganese flow battery and a power battery. The flow battery includes positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte and membrane. The corresponding flow battery includes positive and negative pumps, pipelines and storage tanks. For the power battery, the electrolyte is stored in the porous electrode, while for the flow battery, the positive and negative electrolyte flows through the positive and negative electrodes through the pump and pipeline and finally returns to the storage tank to realize the circulation of electrolyte in the electrode chamber and storage tank. In addition, the positive and negative electrode electrolyte is a neutral solution of zinc salt and manganese salt with specific composition. During charging, MnO.sub.2 of the positive electrode can be oxidized directly to α-MnO.sub.2. During discharge, MnO.sub.2 dissolves into Mn.sup.2+.

An electrochemical cell is disclosed. The electrochemical cell comprises an anode side, a cathode side, a separator, and an alkaline aqueous ferric iron salt solution. The alkaline aqueous ferric iron salt solution may be either the catholyte or the anolyte, depending on the electrochemical half-reactions that define the electrochemical cell. The alkaline aqueous ferric iron salt solution comprises one or more anionic ferric iron-carbonate complexes.