A composition of matter may include pores and non-tri-zone particles and tri-zone particles. In one implementation, each tri-zone particle may include carbon fragments intertwined with each other and separated from one another by mesopores. Each tri-zone particle may also include a deformable perimeter that may coalesce with adjacent non-tri-zone particles or tri-zone particles. In some aspects, the tri-zone particles may include aggregates formed by a multitude of the tri-zone particles joined together. In some aspects, mesopores may be interspersed throughout the aggregates. Each tri-zone particle may also include agglomerates, where each agglomerate includes a multitude of the aggregates joined together. In some aspects, macropores may be interspersed throughout the aggregates.

Slurry compositions, tape casting binder systems and fabrication methods for the fabrication of lithium-garnet electrolyte scaffolds for use in solid state batteries and other devices are provided. Slurry compositions may be optimized mixtures of LLZO powder, a dispersant, a lithium salt, a wetting agent a binder, a plasticizer and at least one solvent. The optimized ceramic slurry compositions may include MgO as a sintering additive to improve density and ionic conductivity of the doped-LLZO sheets and produce a fine-grained microstructure. Sintering protocols for cast slurries of commercially available doped LLZO powders eliminate the requirement of mother-powder coverings or externally applied pressure. An environmentally friendly water-based system using methylcellulose as a binder is also provided producing green tape and final properties comparable to those obtained with organic solvent-based systems.

An electrolyte membrane of a membrane-electrode assembly is formed by a manufacturing method yielding a membrane with improved chemical durability. The manufacturing method includes preparing an antioxidant solution, mixing the antioxidant solution and a first ionomer dispersion solution, drying the mixture to produce a composite having an antioxidant and a first ionomer surrounding the antioxidant, introducing and mixing the composite with a second ionomer dispersion solution, and applying that mixture to a substrate and drying the mixture to manufacture an electrolyte membrane. The resulting electrolyte membrane includes the composite having an antioxidant in an ionic state and a first ionomer surrounding the antioxidant.

To provide a polymer wherein a linking group that connects the main chain of the polymer and a cyclic perfluoroaliphatic disulfonimide skeleton, is a fluoroalkylene group which may have an ether oxygen atom. A polymer which has either one or both of units represented by formula u1-1 and units represented by formula u1-2:

##STR00001##

R.sup.F1, R.sup.F2: a C.sub.1-3 perfluoroalkylene group; R.sup.F3: a C.sub.1-6 perfluoroalkylene group; m: 0 or 1; and X: a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group, ammonium or the like.

A solid ion conductive layer can include a foamed matrix and an electrolyte material including a hygroscopic material. In an embodiment, the electrolyte material can include a halide-based material, a sulfide-based material, or any combination thereof. In another embodiment, the solid ion conductive layer can include total porosity of at least 30 vol % for a total volume of the solid ion conductive layer.

An all-solid-state battery system having a solid-state electrolyte composite is provided. The solid-state electrolyte composite includes a porous framework providing support and mechanical strength for the solid-state electrolyte composite and a plurality of ionic conductors filling voids of the porous framework for maximizing ionic conductance of the solid-state electrolyte composite. The porous framework may be made of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) polymers and the plurality of ionic conductors may be made of poly(ethylene oxide)-LiN(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2 (PEO-LiTFSI) polymers. The all-solid-state battery system includes battery cells each including a cathode current collector, a cathode disposed beneath and connected to the cathode current collector, the solid-state electrolyte composite disposed beneath and connected to the cathode, an anode disposed beneath and connected to the solid-state electrolyte composite, and an anode current collector disposed beneath and connected to the anode.

A hybrid electrolyte includes: an inorganic solid electrolyte; and an organic electrolyte, wherein the organic electrolyte includes an organic salt including an organic cation and an organic anion, and the organic cation includes a halogen. An electrode and a solid-state secondary battery each includes the hybrid electrolyte.

Provided is a solid electrolyte membrane including a support member, such as a porous sheet, embedded in an electrolyte membrane, wherein the support member is coated with an inhibiting material for inhibiting growth of lithium dendrite. Thus, the solid electrolyte membrane has excellent physical strength, such as puncture strength, and improved durability. In addition, the solid electrolyte membrane has an effect of inhibiting lithium dendrite growth. Thus, when the solid electrolyte membrane is applied to a lithium metal battery including lithium metal as a negative electrode material, there is provided an effect of improving the life characteristics of the battery.

Set forth herein are compositions comprising A.(LiBH.sub.4).B.(LiX).C.(LiNH.sub.2), wherein X is fluorine, bromine, chloride, iodine, or a combination thereof, and wherein 0.1≤A≤3, 0.1≤B≤4, and 0≤C≤9 that are suitable for use as solid electrolyte separators in lithium electrochemical devices. Also set forth herein are methods of making A.(LiBH.sub.4).B.(LiX).C.(LiNH.sub.2) compositions. Also disclosed herein are electrochemical devices which incorporate A.(LiBH.sub.4).B.(LiX).C.(LiNH.sub.2) compositions and other materials.

A composite body includes an electrolyte which contains Li, La, Zr, O, and Ga; and an active material coated with barium titanate (BaTiO.sub.3) or lithium niobate (LiNbO.sub.3).