To provide an anode material that can improve the efficiency of the initial charging and discharging, the anode material includes an amorphous glassy carbon material that is an anode active material, and a NaMH compound that is a solid electrolyte.

Provided are a cathode hybrid electrolyte for a solid secondary battery, a cathode including the cathode hybrid electrolyte, a method of preparing the cathode, and a solid secondary battery including the cathode hybrid electrolyte, wherein the cathode hybrid electrolyte includes an ion conductor represented by Formula 1, and an ionic liquid, where at least a portion of the anions of the ionic liquid comprise the same anionic moiety Y.sup. of the ion conductor,

##STR00001##

where, in Formula 1, X, R.sub.1 to R.sub.3, Y.sup., and n are the same as defined in the detailed description.

The use of mucic acid gallate compounds in a non-sugar sweetener such as a steviol glycoside-containing consumable to provide lingering aftertaste specific masking effect is provided.

A solid electrolyte capable of securing grain boundary resistance even when sintering is performed at a relatively low temperature and a lithium ion battery using the solid electrolyte are provided. The solid electrolyte includes a first electrolyte which contains a lithium composite metal compound containing one kind of first metal element selected from group 13 elements in period 3 or higher, and a second electrolyte which contains Li and at least two kinds of second metal elements selected from group 5 elements in period 5 or higher or group 15 elements in period 5 or higher.

According to one embodiment, a separator is provided. The separator includes a composite membrane. The composite membrane includes a substrate layer, a first composite layer, and a second composite layer. The first composite layer is located on one surface of the substrate layer. The second composite layer is located on the other surface of the substrate layer. The composite membrane has a coefficient of air permeability of 110.sup.14 m.sup.2 or less. The first composite layer has a first surface and a second surface. The first surface is in contact with the substrate layer. The second surface is located on an opposite side to the first surface. Denseness of a portion including the first surface is lower than denseness of a portion including the second surface in the first composite layer.

Solid-state lithium ion electrolytes of lithium fluoride based composites are provided which contain an anionic framework capable of conducting lithium ions. Composites of specific formulae are provided and methods to alter the composite materials with inclusion of aliovalent ions shown. Lithium batteries containing the composite lithium ion electrolytes are provided. Electrodes containing the lithium fluoride based composites are also provided.

The present disclosure relates to a composite material of formula (I): (LPS).sub.a(OIPC).sub.b wherein each of a and b is a mass % value from 1% to 99% such that a+b is 100%; (LPS) is a material selected from the group consisting of Li.sub.3PS.sub.4, Li.sub.7P.sub.3S.sub.11, Li.sub.10GeP.sub.2S.sub.11, and a material of formula (II): xLi.sub.2SyP.sub.2S.sub.5(100xy)LiX; wherein X is I, Cl or Br, each of x and y is a mass % value of from 33.3% to 50% such that x+y is from 75% to 100% and the total mass % of Li.sub.2S, P.sub.2S.sub.5 and LiX is 100%; and (OIPC) is a salt of a cation and a closo-borane cluster anion.

An amorphous composite solid electrolyte is provided that includes one or more three-dimensional branched macromolecules with a core portion and at least three arm portions connected to the core portion. Each arm portion includes a random copolymer or a block polymer comprising a first monomer and a second monomer with a molar ratio of the first monomer to the second monomer in the range from greater than 0 to less than or equal to 1. An ion conductive electrolytic solution including at least one lithium salt solution in an amount of approximately 1 mol/l to 10 mol/l is entrained within the branched macromolecule, with a weight ratio of the branched macromolecule to the ion conducive electrolytic solution equal to or lower than 1:9, such that the branched macromolecule has a swelling degree of at least 5:1 (liquid:polymer in weight) of the ion conductive electrolytic solution.

A metal-air battery including a cathode including a metal; an anode including a composite conductive material; a solid electrolyte layer between the cathode and the anode; and a vapor supplier configured to supply a vapor to the anode and the solid electrolyte layer.

Solid-state lithium ion electrolytes of lithium fluoride based composites are provided which contain an anionic framework capable of conducting lithium ions. Composites of specific formulae are provided and methods to alter the composite materials with inclusion of aliovalent ions shown. Lithium batteries containing the composite lithium ion electrolytes are provided. Electrodes containing the lithium fluoride based composites are also provided.