Apparatus and methods are provided for ameliorating distortion issues associated with a conductor that passes over a void in a reference plane. In an example, the conductor can include a first part routed over a major surface of a first side of the reference plane structure and that approaches a first edge of the reference plane structure with a first trajectory, a second part routed over the major surface of a second side of the reference plane structure and that approaches a second edge of the reference plane structure with a second trajectory in-line with the first trajectory, and a third portion connecting the first portion with the second portion and having a third trajectory departing from the first trajectory and the second trajectory, the third portion configured to span the void.

A beam former module includes a package base and an interconnect structure formed within the package base. The beam former module also includes a first true time delay (TTD) module attached to the package base. The first TTD module includes a plurality of switching elements configured to define a signal transmission path between a signal input and a signal output of the first TTD module by selectively activating a plurality of time delay lines. The signal input and the signal output of the first TTD module are electrically coupled to the interconnect structure. In some embodiments, the interconnect structure includes at least one TTD meander line and at least one of the time delay lines of the first TTD module is electrically coupled to the at least one TTD meander line.

System and method of applying pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) to a human user's body. Here an electrically isolated antenna is applied to a portion of the body. This antenna is connected to a PEMF power source comprising a modified Blumlein dual transmission line transformer circuit with emphasis on miniaturization. Each transmission line comprises a substantially planar PC board mounted conducting strip configured in a meander pattern, and separated from at least one split ground plane by at least one substantially planar dielectric material and at least one split ground plane. This in turn is powered by a low voltage power supply, resonant transformer. The Blumlein circuit is charged and discharged by a processor controlled high-speed switch according to user selected time settings, and can produce outputs substantially above 1 kV. Relative to prior art devices, the system enables much smaller, lighter, and less costly PEMF implementations.

A clock apparatus includes: (a) a gas cell, including a continuous path cavity including a sealed interior for providing a signal waveguide; (b) an apparatus for providing an electromagnetic wave to travel along the continuous path cavity and for circulating around the continuous path cavity back toward and past a point of entry of the electromagnetic wave in the continuous path cavity; (c) a dipolar gas inside the sealed interior of the cavity; and (d) receiving apparatus for detecting an amount of energy in the electromagnetic wave, wherein the amount of energy is responsive to an amount of absorption of the electromagnetic wave as the electromagnetic wave passes through the dipolar gas.

The present disclosure relates to a phase shifter, an antenna, and a radio communications device. One example phase shifter includes a cavity, a rotating shaft, a main printed circuit board (PCB), a first slidable part, and a second slidable part. The first slidable part is located on a front side of the main PCB and coupled to the main PCB. The second slidable part is located on a rear side of the main PCB and coupled to the main PCB. The rotating shaft is inserted into the cavity and connected to the first slidable part and the second slidable part. The first arc-shaped phase delay line and the second arc-shaped phase delay line are distributed on a circle with a center that is the same as a center of the rotating shaft, and are located on an outer side of a primary central coupling section.

A transmission line structure includes a first transmission line having a first and a second extending line segments and a first and a second line segments extending along a first direction and a third line segment extending along a second direction, and a second transmission line having a third and a fourth extending line segments, a fourth and a fifth line segments extending along the first direction and a sixth line segment extending along the second direction. The first and the second extending line segment are connected to ends of the first and the second line segment. The third line segment is connected to sides of the first and the second line segment. The third and the fourth extending line segment are connected to ends of the fourth the fifth line segment. The sixth line segment is connected to sides of the fourth and the fifth line segment.

A clock apparatus with: (i) a gas cell, including a continuous path cavity including a sealed interior for providing a signal waveguide; (ii) an apparatus for providing an electromagnetic wave to travel along the continuous path cavity and for circulating around the continuous path cavity back toward and past a point of entry of the electromagnetic wave in the continuous path cavity; (iii) a dipolar gas inside the sealed interior of the cavity; and (iv) receiving apparatus for detecting an amount of energy in the electromagnetic wave, wherein the amount of energy is responsive to an amount of absorption of the electromagnetic wave as the electromagnetic wave passes through the dipolar gas.

A transmission line structure includes a first transmission line having a first and a second extending line segments and a first and a second line segments extending along a first direction and a third line segment extending along a second direction, and a second transmission line having a third and a fourth extending line segments, a fourth and a fifth line segments extending along the first direction and a sixth line segment extending along the second direction. The first and the second extending line segment are connected to ends of the first and the second line segment. The third line segment is connected to sides of the first and the second line segment. The third and the fourth extending line segment are connected to ends of the fourth the fifth line segment. The sixth line segment is connected to sides of the fourth and the fifth line segment.

In some examples, a delay apparatus includes a controllable delay line comprising a plurality of delay elements selectively connected in a signal path to vary a delay of a signal passing through the delay line, and a controllable phase shifter comprising reflective loads adjustable to vary a phase shift applied to the signal.

A folded-waveguide slow-wave structure equipped with an internal load, includes a central plate comprising a rectilinear beam tunnel of same direction as the longitudinal axis of the central plate, and a serpentine-shaped folded slit having its folds in the direction of the width of the waveguide; a lower plate and an upper plate closing the waveguide, the plates being placed on and under the central plate, respectively; at least one groove of cross section that may be variable, produced along the longitudinal axis of the waveguide, in at least one face internal to the waveguide of the lower plate, the upper plate or the central plate, and at least partially comprising a lossy material; in order to form a closed slow-wave structure through which propagates a hybrid slow wave the amplitude of which is attenuated by at least 20 dB between the start and the end of the portion of the one or more grooves containing a lossy material.