A scanning antenna includes a transmission and/or reception region including a plurality of antenna units and a non-transmission and/or reception region other than the transmission and/or reception region. The scanning antenna includes a TFT substrate, a slot substrate, a liquid crystal layer provided between the TFT substrate and the slot substrate, a seal portion provided in the non-transmission and/or reception region and surrounding the liquid crystal layer, and a reflective conductive plate disposed opposing a second main surface of a second dielectric substrate with a dielectric layer interposed between the reflective conductive plate and the second main surface. The slot electrode includes an opening or a recessed portion formed in the non-transmission and/or reception region and in the region surrounded by the seal portion.

An antenna assembly includes a driven element, a first set of antenna elements disposed a first distance from the driven element such that each element of the first set of antenna elements is equidistant from adjacent elements of the first set of antenna elements, and a second set of antenna elements disposed a second distance from the driven element such that each element of the second set of antenna elements is equidistant from adjacent elements of the second set of antenna elements, the second distance being larger than the first distance. The antenna assembly includes or is operably coupled to a selector module configured to select one element of the first set of antenna elements as a selected director, and select one element of the second set of antenna elements as a selected reflector by effectively shortening a length of the selected director and effectively lengthening the selected reflector.

A system includes one or more antennas; and a processor coupled to the antennas in communication with a predetermined target using 5G protocols.

An antenna structure and a communication device are provided. The antenna structure includes a first base substrate, a second base substrate, a dielectric layer disposed between the first base substrate and the second base substrate, and a plurality of first electrodes disposed on a side of the first base substrate close to the dielectric layer and being spaced apart from another. The antenna structure further includes at least one first buffer block disposed between the first electrodes and the first base substrate, the first buffer block is at least partially and directly contacted with the first electrodes.

An antenna structure and a communication device are provided. The antenna structure includes a first base substrate, a second base substrate, a dielectric layer disposed between the first base substrate and the second base substrate, and a plurality of first electrodes disposed on a side of the first base substrate close to the dielectric layer and being spaced apart from another. The antenna structure further includes at least one first buffer block disposed between the first electrodes and the first base substrate, the first buffer block is at least partially and directly contacted with the first electrodes.

A method and apparatus for using Euclidean modulation in an antenna are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for controlling an antenna comprises mapping a desired modulation to achievable modulation states, mapping modulation values associated with the achievable modulation states to one or more control parameters, and controlling radio frequency (RF) radiating antenna elements using the one or more control parameters to perform beam forming.

A lens antenna system is disclosed. The lens antenna system comprises a hybrid focal source antenna circuit configured to generate a source antenna beam for integration with different lens structures. In some embodiments, the hybrid focal source antenna circuit comprises a set of antenna elements coupled to one another. In some embodiments, the set of antenna elements comprises a first antenna element configured to be excited in a first spherical mode; and a second antenna element configured to be excited in a second, different, spherical mode. In some embodiments, the first spherical mode and the second spherical mode are co-polarized. In some embodiments, the lens antenna system further comprises a lens configured to shape the source antenna beam associated with the hybrid focal source antenna circuit, in order to provide an output antenna beam.

A lens antenna system is disclosed. The lens antenna system comprises a hybrid focal source antenna circuit configured to generate a source antenna beam for integration with different lens structures. In some embodiments, the hybrid focal source antenna circuit comprises a set of antenna elements coupled to one another. In some embodiments, the set of antenna elements comprises a first antenna element configured to be excited in a first spherical mode; and a second antenna element configured to be excited in a second, different, spherical mode. In some embodiments, the first spherical mode and the second spherical mode are co-polarized. In some embodiments, the lens antenna system further comprises a lens configured to shape the source antenna beam associated with the hybrid focal source antenna circuit, in order to provide an output antenna beam.

A liquid crystal panel P according to the present invention includes: a liquid crystal layer LC; and a pair of first and second substrates 100 and 200 disposed with the liquid crystal layer LC interposed therebetween and including an alignment film M formed on a surface of each of the first and second substrates facing the liquid crystal layer, or a surface of any one of the first and second substrates facing the liquid crystal layer. The alignment film M contains a carboxyl group-containing polymer containing a carboxyl group. The liquid crystal compound constituting the liquid crystal layer LC contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a cyano group, a heterocyclic ring, —OCF.sub.2—, a carbon-carbon triple bond and a trifluoromethyl group, contains an aliphatic alkyl group at a terminal thereof, and does not contain an isothiocyanate group. Antenna units are arranged.

A liquid crystal panel P according to the present invention includes: a liquid crystal layer LC; and a pair of first and second substrates 100 and 200 disposed with the liquid crystal layer LC interposed therebetween and including an alignment film M formed on a surface of each of the first and second substrates facing the liquid crystal layer, or a surface of any one of the first and second substrates facing the liquid crystal layer. The alignment film M contains a carboxyl group-containing polymer containing a carboxyl group. The liquid crystal compound constituting the liquid crystal layer LC contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a cyano group, a heterocyclic ring, —OCF.sub.2—, a carbon-carbon triple bond and a trifluoromethyl group, contains an aliphatic alkyl group at a terminal thereof, and does not contain an isothiocyanate group. Antenna units are arranged.