Systems and methods relating to air traffic control and navigational aids for aircraft. An antenna system uses a multi-sector sensor that uses two vertical column antenna arrays per sector. Each pair of vertical column antenna arrays produces two beams that are off a boresight for each pair of antenna arrays. Wide angle monopulse processing is used to determine an azimuth or angle of arrival for an aircraft using at least one pair of the vertical column antenna arrays. Predetermined correction factors are applied to the azimuth for specific elevation values and, for elevation values without predetermined correction factors, interpolation between known predetermined correction values to arrive at the corrector factor to be applied.

Systems and methods relating to air traffic control and navigational aids for aircraft. An antenna system uses a multi-sector sensor that uses two vertical column antenna arrays per sector. Each pair of vertical column antenna arrays produces two beams that are off a boresight for each pair of antenna arrays. Wide angle monopulse processing is used to determine an azimuth or angle of arrival for an aircraft using at least one pair of the vertical column antenna arrays. Predetermined correction factors are applied to the azimuth for specific elevation values and, for elevation values without predetermined correction factors, interpolation between known predetermined correction values to arrive at the corrector factor to be applied.

System, methods, and other embodiments described herein relate to scanning a surrounding environment of a vehicle by radar during automated driving. In one embodiment, a method includes detecting an object by using a three-dimensional beam formed by a layered array of end-fire antennas. The method also includes scanning the object by using a fine three-dimensional beam formed by a section of the layered array of end-fire antennas. The method also includes tracking the object by using the fine three-dimensional beam.

A low-sidelobe plate array antenna includes a radiation layer and a feed layer. The radiation layer is superimposed on the feed layer and includes a first plate and a radiation array disposed on the first plate. The radiation array is formed by n.sup.2 radiation units which are distributed in 2.sup.(k-1) rows and 2.sup.(k-1) columns. Each radiation unit in the radiation layer is constituted by two first radiation assemblies and two second radiation assemblies. Each first radiation assembly comprises a first rectangular bar, a first rectangular cavity, a second rectangular cavity and a third rectangular cavity. The first rectangular cavity, the second rectangular cavity and the third rectangular cavity in the first radiation assembly are stacked in presence of an azimuth deviation to form a three-layer coupled structure, and the first rectangular bar located in the first rectangular cavity can better restrain cross polarization and reduce the sidelobe.

A low-sidelobe plate array antenna includes a radiation layer and a feed layer. The radiation layer is superimposed on the feed layer and includes a first plate and a radiation array disposed on the first plate. The radiation array is formed by n.sup.2 radiation units which are distributed in 2.sup.(k-1) rows and 2.sup.(k-1) columns. Each radiation unit in the radiation layer is constituted by two first radiation assemblies and two second radiation assemblies. Each first radiation assembly comprises a first rectangular bar, a first rectangular cavity, a second rectangular cavity and a third rectangular cavity. The first rectangular cavity, the second rectangular cavity and the third rectangular cavity in the first radiation assembly are stacked in presence of an azimuth deviation to form a three-layer coupled structure, and the first rectangular bar located in the first rectangular cavity can better restrain cross polarization and reduce the sidelobe.

A communication device includes a first antenna element, a second antenna element, a 180-degree hybrid circuit having a first port configured to generate a sum signal from multiple input signals and a second port configured to generate a difference signal from multiple input signals, a first phase shifter coupled with the 180-degree hybrid circuit to carry out a phase shift by a first phase value, and a second phase shifter coupled with the 180-degree hybrid circuit to carry out a phase shift by a second phase value. The first antenna element is connected to the first port of the 180-degree hybrid circuit while the second antenna element is connected to the second port of the 180-degree hybrid circuit.

A communication device includes a first antenna element, a second antenna element, a 180-degree hybrid circuit having a first port configured to generate a sum signal from multiple input signals and a second port configured to generate a difference signal from multiple input signals, a first phase shifter coupled with the 180-degree hybrid circuit to carry out a phase shift by a first phase value, and a second phase shifter coupled with the 180-degree hybrid circuit to carry out a phase shift by a second phase value. The first antenna element is connected to the first port of the 180-degree hybrid circuit while the second antenna element is connected to the second port of the 180-degree hybrid circuit.

Antenna array and phased array system including a first and second antenna group, wherein the first antenna group includes two or more first antennas, and the second antenna group includes two or more second antennas, where in a first plane the one or more first and second antennas point in the same direction, and in a second plane, perpendicular to the first plane the one or more first antennas of the first antenna group are squinted by orientation away from the one or more second antennas of the second antenna group.

A low sidelobe beam forming method and dual-beam antenna schematic are disclosed, which may preferably be used for 3-sector and 6-sector cellular communication system. Complete antenna combines 2-, 3- or -4 columns dual-beam sub-arrays (modules) with improved beam-forming network (BFN). The modules may be used as part of an array, or as an independent 2-beam antenna. By integrating different types of modules to form a complete array, the present invention provides an improved dual-beam antenna with improved azimuth sidelobe suppression in a wide frequency band of operation, with improved coverage of a desired cellular sector and with less interference being created with other cells. Advantageously, a better cell efficiency is realized with up to 95% of the radiated power being directed in a desired cellular sector.

Antennas suitable for deployment as part of a satellite, such as a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite. Some embodiments relate to antenna arrays for LEO satellites. An antenna, including a base; a first antenna patch body; and a second antenna patch body disposed substantially parallel to and spaced from the first antenna patch body; wherein the first and second antenna patch bodies are aligned along a central axis and coupled to the base; and wherein each of the first and second antenna patch bodies define surface corrugations.