A sensor assembly for a vehicle includes a sensor element and at least two control devices, each having an evaluation and control unit and a power source. A first evaluation and control unit is connected to a first power source in a first control device, and a second evaluation and control unit is connected to a second power source in a second control device. The first control device comprises a switching device which connects a first connection of the sensor element to the first power source and/or to the second power source. A second connection of the sensor element is connected to the second control device. A sensor current flowing through the sensor element is modulated with information relating to a detected measurement variable. The first evaluation and control unit evaluates the sensor current detected between the connected power source and the sensor element.

A system and method for combining power from DC power sources. Each power source is coupled to a converter. Each converter converts input power to output power by monitoring and maintaining the input power at a maximum power point. Substantially all input power is converted to the output power, and the controlling is performed by allowing output voltage of the converter to vary. The converters are coupled in series. An inverter is connected in parallel with the series connection of the converters and inverts a DC input to the inverter from the converters into an AC output. The inverter maintains the voltage at the inverter input at a desirable voltage by varying the amount of the series current drawn from the converters. The series current and the output power of the converters, determine the output voltage at each converter.

Provided is an power and communications network convergence system including wireless base stations, and DC grid groups, each grid group belonging to a cell. Each grid in the grid group has a DC line to which devices including a power generator and a power storage are connected, and performs, based on state information on each device, first control for reducing power fluctuations in the line. A first grid belonging to a cell performs, based on state information on each grid, second control for interchanging power with a second grid belonging to the cell. If a power situation of a first grid group belonging to a first cell and a power situation of a second grid group belonging to a second cell satisfy a preset condition, the first grid group performs third control for interchanging power with the second grid group.

An electric power converter includes: an electric power conversion unit configured to convert electric power that has been input, and output the converted electric power; and a control unit configured to control, based on a reference function, an electric power conversion characteristic of the electric power conversion unit, wherein the reference function includes plural droop functions that have been defined according to input values, have drooping characteristics different from one another, and have been connected to each other, and the control unit is configured to control the electric power conversion characteristic by control schemes that are different from one another and are according to the drooping characteristics of the droop functions.

The invention discloses an islanding detection method in DC microgrids based on MPPT trapezoidal voltage disturbance. The steps are as follows: start the MPPT strategy; set the starting signal threshold of disturbance; measure the output current of PVA at the maximum power; calculate the same environmental factor of PVA with different capacities under the same light intensity and temperature in real time; when the environmental factor is greater than the starting signal threshold of the disturbance, periodic trapezoidal disturbance is carried out to the PVA port voltage reference; if the PCC voltage Upcc exceeds the threshold set by the passive method, it is judged as islanding; otherwise, it is judged whether the change rule of Upcc is consistent with the change rule of the calculated PCC voltage Upccp under the trapezoidal disturbance; If it is consistent, it is judged as islanding; otherwise, it is pseudo islanding.

The invention discloses an islanding detection method in DC microgrids based on MPPT trapezoidal voltage disturbance. The steps are as follows: start the MPPT strategy; set the starting signal threshold of disturbance; measure the output current of PVA at the maximum power; calculate the same environmental factor of PVA with different capacities under the same light intensity and temperature in real time; when the environmental factor is greater than the starting signal threshold of the disturbance, periodic trapezoidal disturbance is carried out to the PVA port voltage reference; if the PCC voltage Upcc exceeds the threshold set by the passive method, it is judged as islanding; otherwise, it is judged whether the change rule of Upcc is consistent with the change rule of the calculated PCC voltage Upccp under the trapezoidal disturbance; If it is consistent, it is judged as islanding; otherwise, it is pseudo islanding.

A portable or handheld device or apparatus for jump starting a vehicle engine having a depleted or discharged starting battery. The portable or handheld device or apparatus for jump starting a vehicle engine includes a rechargeable lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack and a battery cell equalization circuit configured to prevent overcharging of one or more individual lithium-ion battery cells, which can cause fire, damage to the battery pack and device or apparatus for jump starting a vehicle, or personal injury to a user.

A photovoltaic system includes a controller and plurality of photovoltaic strings that are independently controlled. The controller enables some photovoltaic strings to be in a maximum power point tracking state, and the remaining photovoltaic strings to be in a power output limited state. The system implements maximum power point tracking detection so that the maximum power point power and the maximum power point voltage are updated in real time. Further, the working status of the power supply system can be fed back in real time, so that the photovoltaic system can predict the capacity of an energy storage apparatus or regulate charging and discharging of the energy storage apparatus. After a curtailment state ends, the photovoltaic system is relatively quickly restored to the normal working state, so that a loss of generated power is reduced.

The disclosure relates to a method for supplying a consumer device with electrical energy from an industrial DC network. The method having includes establishing a connection between an energy storage and the industrial DC network and transferring electrical energy from the DC network to the energy storage. When the connection is established between the energy storage and the industrial DC network, a connection between the energy storage and the consumer device is disconnected and the consumer remains galvanically isolated from the industrial DC network. The method also includes establishing a connection between the consumer device and the energy storage and transferring electrical energy from the storage energy storage to the consumer device. When the connection is established between the consumer device and the energy storage, a connection between the energy storage and the industrial DC network is disconnected and the consumer device remains galvanically isolated from the industrial DC network. The disclosure also relates to a system and an apparatus for supplying a consumer device with electrical energy.

A system for the electric power supply of a vehicle, wherein the vehicle comprises multiple electricity users, comprises an energy accumulator and a DC/DC converter, wherein the energy accumulator comprises n strands each having at least one energy accumulator cell and the DC/DC converter comprises n input modules, wherein each time one strand of the energy accumulator and one input module of the DC/DC converter form a closed circuit, wherein n circuits are interconnected, and wherein each circuit is connected to the users.