A low voltage, low frequency multi-level power converter capable of power conversion is disclosed. The power converter may include a low voltage, low frequency circuit that includes a plurality of phase-shifting inverters in series; a plurality of low voltage source inputs, and a plurality of phase-shifting inverters in series. Each of the plurality of phase-shifting inverters may be configured to receive at least one of the plurality of low voltage source inputs; and generate at least one square wave output. A semi-sine wave output may be derived from the generated at least one square wave output.

Methods for arc detection in a system including one or more photovoltaic generators, one or more photovoltaic power devices and a system power device and/or a load connectible to the photovoltaic generators and/or the photovoltaic power devices. The methods may measure voltage, current, and/or power delivered to the load or system power device, and the methods may measure voltage noise or current noise within the photovoltaic system. The methods may periodically, and/or in response to detecting noise, reduce an electrical parameter such as current or voltage in order to extinguish an arc. The methods may compare one or more measurements to one or more thresholds to detect arcing, and upon a comparison indicating that arcing is or was present, an alarm condition may be set.

Methods for arc detection in a system including one or more photovoltaic generators, one or more photovoltaic power devices and a system power device and/or a load connectible to the photovoltaic generators and/or the photovoltaic power devices. The methods may measure voltage, current, and/or power delivered to the load or system power device, and the methods may measure voltage noise or current noise within the photovoltaic system. The methods may periodically, and/or in response to detecting noise, reduce an electrical parameter such as current or voltage in order to extinguish an arc. The methods may compare one or more measurements to one or more thresholds to detect arcing, and upon a comparison indicating that arcing is or was present, an alarm condition may be set.

A platform and components for an automated consumer retail utility marketplace are provided, including components for machine learning, components for gamification, and components for supporting a related consumer mobile application that enables improved visibility and control by a consumer over its interaction with energy markets.

An adaptive system for managing, in an integrated way, multiple EC with variable configuration, with prosumer and/or proconstomer and/or constorer nodes that are dynamically aggregated over the time, through a partitionable digital platform that includes logics for the automatic management. To each platform portion corresponds an EC and an oriented combination of logics in turn selected, sequenced and parametrized according to the optimization purposes provided by the EC, to locally implement, through the controller of each node, the commands imparted to its devices and optimize energy flows, by first adapting to EC logics and then to single node logics. The oriented combination is continually recalculated, within 50 milliseconds from the reading of the data of each aggregated node, to adapt in real time to the variable configuration of an EC and its nodes.

A method of protecting a converter of a wind turbine and a respective protection system are provided. The converter is coupled to a generator of the wind turbine to perform conversion of electrical power produced by the generator, the converter including plural semiconductor components that are operational to provide the conversion of the electrical power. The method includes the performing of a step of estimating a junction temperature of at least one of the semiconductor components by determining a current in the converter associated with power loss in one or more of the semiconductor components; estimating power loss associated with the one or more semiconductor components based on the determined current and on a state of the one or more semiconductor components; and using a thermal model to estimate the junction temperature of the semiconductor components based on the estimated power loss. The estimating step is repeatedly performed.

A photovoltaic system comprising an inverter adapted to convert a DC power supplied by photovoltaic modules of a photovoltaic generator via power cables to said inverter into an AC current for an AC power supply grid, wherein the inverter has a base station connected by means of the power cables to the module level devices which are provided to monitor and/or to control associated photovoltaic modules of the photovoltaic generator, wherein if the inverter does not receive sufficient energy from the photovoltaic generator and the AC power supply grid, a controller is adapted to activate a deadlock prevention mode of an energy supply unit connected to the inverter where the inverter receives energy from the energy supply unit such that the base station of the inverter is able to continue to transmit permission to operate, PTO, signals via the power cables to the module level devices of the photovoltaic generator.

A method for electricity-related security awareness of distributed power supply systems considering spatio-temporal distribution of rainstorms, including: establishing a multi-dimensional parallel parasitic capacitance calculation model of the distributed photovoltaic-energy storage power supply system considering accumulated water depth and micro-terrain environment; performing multi-source spatio-temporal hierarchical correlation analysis between rainstorm spatio-temporal distribution characteristics (including rainfall peak position, cloud movement, rainfall intensity and rainfall duration) and an operating state of the distributed power supply system; constructing a leakage current probability prediction model considering unevenness and randomness of the rainstorm spatio-temporal distribution; and establishing an electricity-related security awareness model based on deep meta-learning.

Aspects of the present invention relate to a method for controlling a renewable power plant connected to a power network to reduce deviation of a measured frequency of the power network from a target frequency. The method comprises determining a forecasted power gradient over a forecast interval defined between a first time point and a second time point, and, at a third time point during the forecast interval, controlling the power plant to output active power according to a minimum active power level if the measured frequency at the third time point is below the target frequency, controlling the power plant to output active power according to a maximum active power level if the measured frequency at the third time point is above the target frequency. The maximum and minimum active power levels are based on the forecasted power gradient.

A power conditioning subsystem (PCS) includes an inverter circuit configured to mutually covert direct current (DC) power of a storage battery and alternating current (AC) power, a command value acquiring portion configured to acquire a command value from a higher-level apparatus to charge or discharge the storage battery, a DC voltage acquiring portion configured to acquire a DC voltage on the storage battery side, and a limiter processing portion configured to perform a process of setting to limit each of an upper limit and a lower limit of the command value acquired by the command value acquiring portion on the basis of the DC voltage acquired by the DC voltage acquiring portion.