A system of electric batteries includes a plurality of batteries (HVB.sub.1, HVB.sub.2, HVB.sub.3) connected to each other by two polarities. Each battery has at least two relays (RN, RP, RA) for the connecting of poles of the battery to the two polarities. The system includes a secondary power supply to provide an activation energy to the relays. The system includes means of supervision to control the relays (RN, RP, RA) in a staggered manner so that each activation of a relay follows a previous activation by at least a predetermined time period (DT).

The embodiments provide a mobile hotspot UFI device and a start-up method. The UFI device includes a battery, a main control chip, a power management chip and a start-up control unit. The power management chip internally provides a control signal at a first electric potential, and when the control signal is at a second electric potential, the power management chip controls the battery to supply electricity to hardware of the UFI device. When the main control chip does not output a GPIO signal, the start-up control unit conducts the external power supply to the control signal, so as to make the control signal change from the first electric potential to the second electric potential. When the main control chip outputs the GPIO signal, the start-up control unit disconnects the external power supply from the control signal.

A circuit system including a first IC chip arranged in a first voltage region on a circuit board, and a second IC chip arranged in a second voltage region on the circuit board, each of the first IC chip and the second IC chip including a data communication unit to wirelessly transmit/receive data and a power transmission/reception unit to wirelessly transmit/receive power. The first IC chip and the second IC chip wirelessly transfer data and power to each other in an insulated state between the first voltage region and the second voltage region.

A method of protecting a precharge resistor provided in a battery pack, including attempting a first attempt to charge a precharge capacitor, the precharge capacitor being electrically connected to two ends of a battery module provided in the battery pack and charged by receiving a precharge current from the battery module, adding predetermined penalty points to a summed penalty point total based on a result of the first attempt to charge the precharge capacitor determining whether the precharge resistor is in a limited state based on the summed penalty point total, and preventing a second attempt to charge the precharge capacitor for a predetermined time if the precharge resistor is in the limited state.

A power supply unit for an aerosol inhaler includes: a case; a power supply that discharges power to a load for generating an aerosol from an aerosol generation source; a discharging terminal that connects the load to the power supply; a charging terminal that connects the power supply to an external power supply and is separated from the discharging terminal; a temperature measuring unit that measures temperature of the power supply; and a control device that controls an effective value of a first charging current to a value smaller than an effective value of a second charging current. The first charging current is supplied to the power supply when a measurement value of the temperature measuring unit is equal to or higher than a first threshold and the second charging current is supplied to the power supply when the measurement value is lower than the first threshold.

A battery pack including: first and second battery contactors respectively having first ends electrically connected to positive and negative electrode terminals of a battery; first and second charging contactors respectively having first ends electrically connected to second ends of the first and second battery contactors; a second power connector of a charger having first and second output terminals respectively electrically connected to the first and second input terminals being connected to the first power connector; and a control unit configured to, when charging is being performed, diagnose a fault of each of the first charging contactor and the second charging contactor.

A photovoltaic power generation system includes a plurality of photovoltaic modules, a plurality of optimizers, and an inverter. Each optimizer is connected to at least one photovoltaic module, and output ends of the plurality of optimizers are connected in series to form a string and then connected to the inverter. The optimizer includes a conversion unit, and a control unit configured to control the conversion unit. The optimizer further includes an auxiliary power source, an energy storage unit, and a first unidirectional conduction unit that are connected between the conversion unit and the control unit. The control unit is configured to perform IV curve scanning for each voltage segment, where the voltage segments are obtained by segmenting a range of an output voltage of a photovoltaic module corresponding to the optimizer from an open-circuit voltage to a preset minimum voltage, and at least two voltage segments are obtained through division.

A low-cost task specific device system for scheduling tasks that are performed by one or more devices is described. After a preceding task is performed, the performance of a successive task is delayed for a task-specific recharge interval associated with the preceding task. The successive task is performed after the task-specific recharge interval has expired.

A power conversion device configured to execute power conversion between a vehicle and an external power supply or an external load includes a DC connector, a charging port, a power supply port, a bidirectional power conversion circuit, a switching circuit configured to execute switching to choose whether to electrically connect the power conversion circuit and the charging port or electrically connect the power conversion circuit and the power supply port, and a control circuit configured to control the power conversion circuit and the switching circuit to selectively execute a charging operation or a power supply operation.

A BMU (management apparatus) of a secondary battery (energy storage device) includes a management part that operates by power supplied from the secondary battery, and a capacitor (backup power source) that supplies power to the management part when a voltage of the secondary battery decreases.