The present invention relates to a fault detection system and method of a photovoltaic module and string. The fault detection system of a photovoltaic module and string includes a measurement input unit receiving a current power generation performance measurement value of the photovoltaic module and string from the outside, an estimation calculating unit calculating a power generation performance estimation value of the photovoltaic module and string based on input current environmental conditions, and a fault determining unit determining whether the photovoltaic module and string have a fault by comparing and analyzing the power generation performance measurement value from the measurement input unit and the power generation performance estimation value from the estimation calculating unit, wherein the photovoltaic module is configured as a double-sided or single-sided photovoltaic module.

The present invention relates to a fault detection system and method of a photovoltaic module and string. The fault detection system of a photovoltaic module and string includes a measurement input unit receiving a current power generation performance measurement value of the photovoltaic module and string from the outside, an estimation calculating unit calculating a power generation performance estimation value of the photovoltaic module and string based on input current environmental conditions, and a fault determining unit determining whether the photovoltaic module and string have a fault by comparing and analyzing the power generation performance measurement value from the measurement input unit and the power generation performance estimation value from the estimation calculating unit, wherein the photovoltaic module is configured as a double-sided or single-sided photovoltaic module.

Methods, systems, and computer program products for mitigating the effects of shading in photovoltaic cells using flow batteries are provided herein. A computer-implemented method includes connecting at least one fuel stack to one or more photovoltaic cells, wherein each fuel stack comprises (i) one or more ports and (ii) one or more electrochemical cells; determining that one or more portions of the one or more photovoltaic cells are impacted by a shading effect; converting chemical energy stored in an electrolytic solution to electrical energy, by interacting the electrolytic solution with the electrochemical cells of each fuel stack connected to the portions of the impacted photovoltaic cells; automatically opening the ports of each fuel stack connected to the one or more portions of the impacted photovoltaic cells; and supplying the electrical energy to the portions of the impacted photovoltaic cells.

The invention contributes to combat climate change by enabling the operation of a photovoltaic (PV) plant at high performance by providing based on the typically available metering a more or less topology agnostic automated set-up. Additional information can also be used such as sun positions and/or being designed for nominal powers. The invention relates to a method for determining performance deviation of a PV configuration, only taking electrical measurements into account thus excluding irradiance data. In addition, a method is provided for detecting underperformance within a PV plant with high accuracy. The invention also relates to a method for determining long-term degradation of a PV installation.

The invention contributes to combat climate change by enabling the operation of a photovoltaic (PV) plant at high performance by providing based on the typically available metering a more or less topology agnostic automated set-up. Additional information can also be used such as sun positions and/or being designed for nominal powers. The invention relates to a method for determining performance deviation of a PV configuration, only taking electrical measurements into account thus excluding irradiance data. In addition, a method is provided for detecting underperformance within a PV plant with high accuracy. The invention also relates to a method for determining long-term degradation of a PV installation.

Methods for arc detection in a system including one or more photovoltaic generators, one or more photovoltaic power devices and a system power device and/or a load connectible to the photovoltaic generators and/or the photovoltaic power devices. The methods may measure voltage, current, and/or power delivered to the load or system power device, and the methods may measure voltage noise or current noise within the photovoltaic system. The methods may periodically, and/or in response to detecting noise, reduce an electrical parameter such as current or voltage in order to extinguish an arc. The methods may compare one or more measurements to one or more thresholds to detect arcing, and upon a comparison indicating that arcing is or was present, an alarm condition may be set.

Methods for arc detection in a system including one or more photovoltaic generators, one or more photovoltaic power devices and a system power device and/or a load connectible to the photovoltaic generators and/or the photovoltaic power devices. The methods may measure voltage, current, and/or power delivered to the load or system power device, and the methods may measure voltage noise or current noise within the photovoltaic system. The methods may periodically, and/or in response to detecting noise, reduce an electrical parameter such as current or voltage in order to extinguish an arc. The methods may compare one or more measurements to one or more thresholds to detect arcing, and upon a comparison indicating that arcing is or was present, an alarm condition may be set.

The present invention relates to an electronic circuit for photovoltaic modules, which circuit ensures that the magnitude of the reverse voltage of each solar cell in a solar module does not exceed a particular value at any time. The problem solved by the invention is that of ensuring that the electrical voltage of each solar cell string within the photovoltaic module does not fall below a particular value.

The present invention relates to an electronic circuit for photovoltaic modules, which circuit ensures that the magnitude of the reverse voltage of each solar cell in a solar module does not exceed a particular value at any time. The problem solved by the invention is that of ensuring that the electrical voltage of each solar cell string within the photovoltaic module does not fall below a particular value.

The invention relates to a method for inspecting a photovoltaic element (1), preferably in order to determine the output and/or in order to determine defects of the photovoltaic element (1), and to a photovoltaic element (1) which is inspected using such a method.