In one implementation, a method for a solar cell array is provided, the method includes emitting a communication message from the solar cell array by reverse biasing the solar cell array so as to cause at least a portion of the solar array to emit a detectable amount of radiation corresponding to the communication message. In one embodiment a solar cell array circuit is provided including a solar string comprising a plurality of solar cells coupled together, a charge storage device coupled to a power bus, and a bidirectional boost-buck converter having a first and second pair of MOSFETs connected in series between positive and negative rails of the power bus with an inductor coupled from between the first and second paired MOSFETs to a charging output of the solar string.

Disclosed are a constant-power supply apparatus and a solar simulation facility. The constant-power supply apparatus comprises: a power board and a control panel, wherein the power board comprises: a power input circuit for providing a power input, a power conversion circuit connected to the power input circuit, a voltage detection circuit, a current detection circuit and a power output circuit respectively connected to the power conversion circuit, and a first connector connected to the power conversion circuit, the voltage detection circuit and the current detection circuit; and the control board comprises: a second connector pluggably connected to the first connector, a voltage processing circuit and a current processing circuit respectively connected to the second connector, a multiplier circuit connected to the voltage processing circuit and the current processing circuit, and a PWM circuit connected to the current processing circuit, the multiplier circuit and the second connector. A stable power output can be provided, and reliability of circuits is guaranteed.

Disclosed are a constant-power supply apparatus and a solar simulation facility. The constant-power supply apparatus comprises: a power board and a control panel, wherein the power board comprises: a power input circuit for providing a power input, a power conversion circuit connected to the power input circuit, a voltage detection circuit, a current detection circuit and a power output circuit respectively connected to the power conversion circuit, and a first connector connected to the power conversion circuit, the voltage detection circuit and the current detection circuit; and the control board comprises: a second connector pluggably connected to the first connector, a voltage processing circuit and a current processing circuit respectively connected to the second connector, a multiplier circuit connected to the voltage processing circuit and the current processing circuit, and a PWM circuit connected to the current processing circuit, the multiplier circuit and the second connector. A stable power output can be provided, and reliability of circuits is guaranteed.

In an embodiment a method includes providing a substrate having at least one conductor track situated thereon, applying at least one accumulation of an electrically conductive material to a surface of the conductor track, providing a carrier having at least one electrical contact, applying an electrically conductive adhesive to the at least one accumulation of the electrically conductive material and/or the at least one electrical contact and arranging the substrate and the carrier such that the accumulation of the electrically conductive material and the at least one electrical contact are situated opposite and at a distance from one another, wherein the electrically conductive adhesive forms a mechanical and electrical connection between the accumulation of the electrically conductive material and the at least one electrical contact, and wherein an interspace between the at least one accumulation of the electrically conductive material and the at least one electrical contact is filled with the electrically conductive adhesive.

Photovoltaic array performance monitoring systems and methods are described herein. One embodiment of a photovoltaic array monitoring system according to the present disclosure can include a reference photovoltaic panel and an ambient photovoltaic panel, as well as a rechargeable power source. The monitoring system can further include an electrical unit configured to charge the rechargeable power source using energy from one or both of the reference photovoltaic panel and the ambient photovoltaic panel. The monitoring system can also include a transmitter configured to transmit data from the reference photovoltaic panel and the ambient photovoltaic panel. Methods and full-size solar systems utilizing monitoring systems are also described.

Photovoltaic array performance monitoring systems and methods are described herein. One embodiment of a photovoltaic array monitoring system according to the present disclosure can include a reference photovoltaic panel and an ambient photovoltaic panel, as well as a rechargeable power source. The monitoring system can further include an electrical unit configured to charge the rechargeable power source using energy from one or both of the reference photovoltaic panel and the ambient photovoltaic panel. The monitoring system can also include a transmitter configured to transmit data from the reference photovoltaic panel and the ambient photovoltaic panel. Methods and full-size solar systems utilizing monitoring systems are also described.

A method for determining an electrical model of a string of photovoltaic modules from a characteristic I(V) of the string includes detecting a first linear zone and a second linear zone of the characteristic I(V); initialising the parameters of a non-by-pass electrical model corresponding to a first operating condition, called a non-by-pass condition; optimising the parameters of the non-by-pass electrical model from a reference characteristic I(V.sub.ref) equal to I(V), determining the parameters of the electrical model corresponding to a second operating condition, called a by-pass condition, in order to obtain a by-pass electrical model from the characteristic determining, from the characteristic I(V) the best model among the non-by-pass model and the by-pass model.

A method for determining an electrical model of a string of photovoltaic modules from a characteristic I(V) of the string includes detecting a first linear zone and a second linear zone of the characteristic I(V); initialising the parameters of a non-by-pass electrical model corresponding to a first operating condition, called a non-by-pass condition; optimising the parameters of the non-by-pass electrical model from a reference characteristic I(V.sub.ref) equal to I(V), determining the parameters of the electrical model corresponding to a second operating condition, called a by-pass condition, in order to obtain a by-pass electrical model from the characteristic determining, from the characteristic I(V) the best model among the non-by-pass model and the by-pass model.

A physical address determining method, apparatus, and device, and a storage medium, and belongs to the field of solar power generation, includes: controlling at least two slave nodes to sequentially start up, and detecting a change status of an input voltage of the master node; dividing a photovoltaic power generation system into a plurality of photovoltaic strings; and for each candidate photovoltaic string, controlling any slave node located in the candidate photovoltaic string to start up and other slave nodes to shut down, and using the physical address as a physical address of the candidate photovoltaic string. This disclosure provides a manner of automatically determining a physical address of a photovoltaic string, thereby implementing photovoltaic-string locating and expanding a system function range. When an anomaly occurs, the anomaly can be eliminated in a timely manner, thereby improving system stability.

A physical address determining method, apparatus, and device, and a storage medium, and belongs to the field of solar power generation, includes: controlling at least two slave nodes to sequentially start up, and detecting a change status of an input voltage of the master node; dividing a photovoltaic power generation system into a plurality of photovoltaic strings; and for each candidate photovoltaic string, controlling any slave node located in the candidate photovoltaic string to start up and other slave nodes to shut down, and using the physical address as a physical address of the candidate photovoltaic string. This disclosure provides a manner of automatically determining a physical address of a photovoltaic string, thereby implementing photovoltaic-string locating and expanding a system function range. When an anomaly occurs, the anomaly can be eliminated in a timely manner, thereby improving system stability.