According to one or more embodiments, an intelligent solar racking system is provided. The intelligent solar racking system includes a racking frame that receives and mechanically supports solar modules. The intelligent solar racking system includes sensors distributed throughout the racking frame. Each of the sensors detects and reports parameter data by generating output signals. The sensors include module sensors positioned to associate with each of the solar modules and detect a module presence as the parameter data for the solar modules. The intelligent solar racking system includes a computing device that receives, stores, and analyzes the output signals to determine and monitor operations of the intelligent solar racking system.

According to one or more embodiments, an intelligent solar racking system is provided. The intelligent solar racking system includes a racking frame that receives and mechanically supports solar modules. The intelligent solar racking system includes sensors distributed throughout the racking frame. Each of the sensors detects and reports parameter data by generating output signals. The sensors include module sensors positioned to associate with each of the solar modules and detect a module presence as the parameter data for the solar modules. The intelligent solar racking system includes a computing device that receives, stores, and analyzes the output signals to determine and monitor operations of the intelligent solar racking system.

A photovoltaic module structure according to the present invention comprises: a stand, which is fixed to the ground, is provided at a predetermined height, has a hinge-coupled part provided at the upper end thereof, and has a pin hole formed below the hinge coupling part; a frame which is hinge-coupled to the hinge coupling part of the stand so as to be rotatable upward and downward and which has a surface to which solar panels are attached; a flange, which is fixed to the rear surface of the frame, has the center of the hinge coupling between the frame and the stand as the center thereof, and has a plurality of pin holes formed at predetermined intervals along an arc of a predetermined radius corresponding to the distance between the hinge coupling part and the pin hole of the stand; a fixing pin inserted into any one of the plurality of pin holes of the flange and the pin hole of the stand in a state in which the pin hole of the flange is matched with the pin hole of the stand, so that the flange can be fixed to the frame in a state in which the flange is rotated with respect to the stand; an FBG sensor provided in at least any one from among the stand, the frame, and the flange; and a diagnosis unit for diagnosing stability by analyzing the signals of the FBG sensor. When the photovoltaic module structure according to the present invention is used, stability can be diagnosed in real time.

A photovoltaic module structure according to the present invention comprises: a stand, which is fixed to the ground, is provided at a predetermined height, has a hinge-coupled part provided at the upper end thereof, and has a pin hole formed below the hinge coupling part; a frame which is hinge-coupled to the hinge coupling part of the stand so as to be rotatable upward and downward and which has a surface to which solar panels are attached; a flange, which is fixed to the rear surface of the frame, has the center of the hinge coupling between the frame and the stand as the center thereof, and has a plurality of pin holes formed at predetermined intervals along an arc of a predetermined radius corresponding to the distance between the hinge coupling part and the pin hole of the stand; a fixing pin inserted into any one of the plurality of pin holes of the flange and the pin hole of the stand in a state in which the pin hole of the flange is matched with the pin hole of the stand, so that the flange can be fixed to the frame in a state in which the flange is rotated with respect to the stand; an FBG sensor provided in at least any one from among the stand, the frame, and the flange; and a diagnosis unit for diagnosing stability by analyzing the signals of the FBG sensor. When the photovoltaic module structure according to the present invention is used, stability can be diagnosed in real time.

The present disclosure relates to a photovoltaic system comprising a switching device for switching on and off at least one photovoltaic string, to an electronically controlled direct current hybrid switching device for switching on and off at least one photovoltaic string, in a user-controlled manner, to the use of a hybrid switch for switching a photovoltaic string, and to a method for switching off and back on at least one photovoltaic string of the photovoltaic system. The photovoltaic system comprises: at least one photovoltaic string, wherein the at least one photovoltaic string is formed by photovoltaic modules which are series-connected by means of a string line and thus generate a string voltage; a switching device which is installed in series in the string line to switch on and off the at least one photovoltaic string with the switching device, wherein the switching device comprises a hybrid switch with a relay and a semiconductor switching device which is connected in parallel to the relay and has at least one semiconductor switch.

The present disclosure relates to a photovoltaic system comprising a switching device for switching on and off at least one photovoltaic string, to an electronically controlled direct current hybrid switching device for switching on and off at least one photovoltaic string, in a user-controlled manner, to the use of a hybrid switch for switching a photovoltaic string, and to a method for switching off and back on at least one photovoltaic string of the photovoltaic system. The photovoltaic system comprises: at least one photovoltaic string, wherein the at least one photovoltaic string is formed by photovoltaic modules which are series-connected by means of a string line and thus generate a string voltage; a switching device which is installed in series in the string line to switch on and off the at least one photovoltaic string with the switching device, wherein the switching device comprises a hybrid switch with a relay and a semiconductor switching device which is connected in parallel to the relay and has at least one semiconductor switch.

A transfer printing method is described that can be used for a wide variety of materials, such as to allow for circuits formed of different materials to be integrated together on a single integrated circuit. A tether (18) is formed on dice regions (16) of a first wafer (30), followed by attachment of a second wafer (32) to the tethers. The dice regions (16) are processed so as to be separated, followed by transfer printing of the dice regions to a third wafer (34).

This application provides a method and apparatus for obtaining location information of a controller. The method includes: obtaining, by an inverter, signal feature information of each photovoltaic unit in a high-voltage direct current string, where the signal feature information of a photovoltaic unit includes a communication identifier of the photovoltaic unit and a signal feature of another photovoltaic unit, and the photovoltaic unit includes one controller and at least one photovoltaic module; determining an installation sequence of the photovoltaic units based on signal feature information of the photovoltaic units; and determining relative installation location information of each photovoltaic unit based on relative installation location information of a target photovoltaic unit in the high-voltage direct current string and the installation sequence of the photovoltaic units, where the target photovoltaic unit is at least one photovoltaic unit in the high-voltage direct current string.

A linkage protection system includes an inverter, an anti-potential-induced degradation (PID) apparatus, and an insulation-monitoring apparatus. The anti-PID apparatus is configured to inject a voltage into an input end or an output end of the inverter, to increase or decrease a voltage-to-earth of a photovoltaic system. The insulation-monitoring apparatus is configured to inject an insulation-monitoring voltage into a direct current (DC) side or an alternating current (AC) side of the inverter. The anti-PID apparatus and the insulation-monitoring apparatus directly or indirectly communicate with each other, to learn of information about whether a peer apparatus is operating, and perform linkage control. The anti-PID apparatus and the insulation-monitoring apparatus operate in different time periods.

A linkage protection system includes an inverter, an anti-potential-induced degradation (PID) apparatus, and an insulation-monitoring apparatus. The anti-PID apparatus is configured to inject a voltage into an input end or an output end of the inverter, to increase or decrease a voltage-to-earth of a photovoltaic system. The insulation-monitoring apparatus is configured to inject an insulation-monitoring voltage into a direct current (DC) side or an alternating current (AC) side of the inverter. The anti-PID apparatus and the insulation-monitoring apparatus directly or indirectly communicate with each other, to learn of information about whether a peer apparatus is operating, and perform linkage control. The anti-PID apparatus and the insulation-monitoring apparatus operate in different time periods.