A method for preparing photoactive perovskite materials. The method comprises the step of preparing a lead halide precursor ink. Preparing a lead halide precursor ink comprises the steps of: introducing a lead halide into a vessel, introducing a first solvent to the vessel, and contacting the lead halide with the first solvent to dissolve the lead halide. The method further comprises depositing the lead halide precursor ink onto a substrate, drying the lead halide precursor ink to form a thin film, annealing the thin film, and rinsing the thin film with a second solvent and a salt.

A receiving circuit, a transmission circuit and a system capable of reducing the effect of noise are provided. The receiving circuit includes: a pulse width detection unit which determines whether or not the pulse width of a pulse signal outputted based on comparison between a received-signal voltage and a reference voltage is smaller than a predetermined width; a reference voltage setting unit which, when the pulse width is smaller than the predetermined width, sets the reference voltage to be equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage; and an output control unit which, when the pulse width is equal to or larger than the predetermined width, causes a digital signal based on the pulse signal to be outputted or, when the pulse width is smaller than the predetermined width, performs control not to output the digital signal.

A receiving circuit, a transmission circuit and a system capable of reducing the effect of noise are provided. The receiving circuit includes: a pulse width detection unit which determines whether or not the pulse width of a pulse signal outputted based on comparison between a received-signal voltage and a reference voltage is smaller than a predetermined width; a reference voltage setting unit which, when the pulse width is smaller than the predetermined width, sets the reference voltage to be equal to or higher than a predetermined voltage; and an output control unit which, when the pulse width is equal to or larger than the predetermined width, causes a digital signal based on the pulse signal to be outputted or, when the pulse width is smaller than the predetermined width, performs control not to output the digital signal.

A clock detector includes a first detector circuit, a second detector circuit, and a toggle detector circuit. The first detector circuit is for activating a first detect signal in response to detecting that a clock signal that toggles between first and second logic states when present is stuck in the first logic state, and keeping the first detect signal inactive otherwise. The second detector circuit is for providing a second detect signal in response to detecting that the clock signal is stuck in the second logic state, and keeping the second detect signal inactive otherwise. The toggle detector circuit is for activating a toggle detect signal in response to both the first detect signal and the second detect signal being inactive, and keeping the toggle detect signal inactive in response to an activation of either the first detect signal or the second detect signal.

Whether a synchronous signal includes a synchronous pulse is determined by detecting whether there is a positive pulse higher than a positive threshold followed by a negative pulse lower than a negative threshold. The pulse signal detection method includes: comparing the synchronous signal with the positive threshold; comparing the synchronous signal with the negative threshold; and determining that the synchronous pulse exists when the positive pulse of the synchronous signal is higher than the positive threshold and the negative pulse of the synchronous signal is lower than the negative threshold in a post detection period after the positive pulse of the synchronous signal is determined higher than the positive threshold.

Whether a synchronous signal includes a synchronous pulse is determined by detecting whether there is a positive pulse higher than a positive threshold followed by a negative pulse lower than a negative threshold. The pulse signal detection method includes: comparing the synchronous signal with the positive threshold; comparing the synchronous signal with the negative threshold; and determining that the synchronous pulse exists when the positive pulse of the synchronous signal is higher than the positive threshold and the negative pulse of the synchronous signal is lower than the negative threshold in a post detection period after the positive pulse of the synchronous signal is determined higher than the positive threshold.

A clock phase correction circuit includes: a first variable delay circuit suitable for delaying a second source clock to generate a third clock; a first pulse generation circuit suitable for generating a first pulse signal that is activated from an edge of a first clock to an edge of the third clock and generating a second pulse signal that is activated from the edge of the third clock to the edge of the first clock; and a first delay value adjustment circuit suitable for detecting whether a ratio of a pulse width of the first pulse signal to a pulse width of the second pulse signal is greater or less than 1:3 to produce a detection result and adjusting a delay value of the first variable delay circuit based on the detection result.

A clock phase correction circuit includes: a first variable delay circuit suitable for delaying a second source clock to generate a third clock; a first pulse generation circuit suitable for generating a first pulse signal that is activated from an edge of a first clock to an edge of the third clock and generating a second pulse signal that is activated from the edge of the third clock to the edge of the first clock; and a first delay value adjustment circuit suitable for detecting whether a ratio of a pulse width of the first pulse signal to a pulse width of the second pulse signal is greater or less than 1:3 to produce a detection result and adjusting a delay value of the first variable delay circuit based on the detection result.

An RC oscillator generates a periodic trigger signal, and a clock generator generates clock edges in response. A stuck-at-fault detection circuit detects a stuck-at-logic state of the periodic trigger signal and causes the RC oscillator to reset and causes a change in logic state of the periodic trigger signal. The RC oscillator includes first and second comparison circuits, a logic circuit receiving output from the first and second comparison circuits and generating the periodic trigger signal, and a clock generation circuit generating a clock signal therefrom. The stuck-at-fault detection circuit includes a capacitive node, charge circuitry charging the capacitive node based upon the periodic trigger signal, discharge circuitry discharging the capacitive node based upon the periodic trigger signal, and triggering circuitry asserting a reset signal to cause the RC oscillator to reset when the charge on the capacitive node indicates a stuck-at-logic state of the periodic trigger signal.

An RC oscillator generates a periodic trigger signal, and a clock generator generates clock edges in response. A stuck-at-fault detection circuit detects a stuck-at-logic state of the periodic trigger signal and causes the RC oscillator to reset and causes a change in logic state of the periodic trigger signal. The RC oscillator includes first and second comparison circuits, a logic circuit receiving output from the first and second comparison circuits and generating the periodic trigger signal, and a clock generation circuit generating a clock signal therefrom. The stuck-at-fault detection circuit includes a capacitive node, charge circuitry charging the capacitive node based upon the periodic trigger signal, discharge circuitry discharging the capacitive node based upon the periodic trigger signal, and triggering circuitry asserting a reset signal to cause the RC oscillator to reset when the charge on the capacitive node indicates a stuck-at-logic state of the periodic trigger signal.