Pulsed radiation is generated at a power level that depends on a voltage level, frequency and duty cycle of a pulsed high voltage. A pulsing switch generates the pulsed high voltage from a high voltage and a pulse control signal. The pulsing switch has first and second bi-polar active switches connected in series between a high voltage conductor and a ground conductor. The pulsed high voltage is produced at a connection between the first and second bi-polar active switches when the first and second bi-polar active switches are repeatedly pulsed on and off to alternatingly connect the high voltage conductor and the ground conductor to a pulsed voltage output.

An oscillator start-up circuit and methodology for oscillator start-up is disclosed. The circuit includes a reference bias switch coupled to a reference node and a load node of a transconductor of an oscillator. The reference bias switch is responsive to a control signal for start-up of the oscillator and operable to close at a first time prior to start-up of the oscillator to maintain a voltage at the reference node equal to a voltage at the load node prior to application of bias to the transconductor. The reference bias switch is further operable to open at a second time subsequent to the first time. In one embodiment, a separate reference bias voltage is applied to a reference node of the transconductor.

An oscillator start-up circuit and methodology for oscillator start-up is disclosed. The circuit includes a reference bias switch coupled to a reference node and a load node of a transconductor of an oscillator. The reference bias switch is responsive to a control signal for start-up of the oscillator and operable to close at a first time prior to start-up of the oscillator to maintain a voltage at the reference node equal to a voltage at the load node prior to application of bias to the transconductor. The reference bias switch is further operable to open at a second time subsequent to the first time. In one embodiment, a separate reference bias voltage is applied to a reference node of the transconductor.

An electromagnetic energy delivery system includes a set of radio frequency channels; each channel configured to receive a set of reference signals. Each channel further includes a compensation component and a phase-locked loop component. The compensation component can be configured to determine a phase difference between at least a subset of the reference signals; compare the phase difference with a predetermined reference phase difference; and determine a reference signal compensation offset value based on the comparison of the phase difference and the predetermined reference phase difference. The phase-locked loop component can be configured to generate a phase-shifted signal wherein the phase shift is based on at least the reference signal compensation offset value.

An electromagnetic energy delivery system includes a set of radio frequency channels; each channel configured to receive a set of reference signals. Each channel further includes a compensation component and a phase-locked loop component. The compensation component can be configured to determine a phase difference between at least a subset of the reference signals; compare the phase difference with a predetermined reference phase difference; and determine a reference signal compensation offset value based on the comparison of the phase difference and the predetermined reference phase difference. The phase-locked loop component can be configured to generate a phase-shifted signal wherein the phase shift is based on at least the reference signal compensation offset value.

A local oscillator generator (LO generator) may be configured to transmit an LO signal to a mixer. The LO generator may include an input buffer configured to generate a first internal oscillator signal based on the input oscillator signal. The LO generator may include a frequency dividing circuit configured to generate a second internal oscillator signal based on dividing a frequency of the first internal oscillator signal. The LO generator may include an output buffer configured to generate the LO signal based on the second internal oscillator signal. The input buffer and the frequency dividing circuit may each be configured to receive a power voltage independently of the output buffer.

A local oscillator generator (LO generator) may be configured to transmit an LO signal to a mixer. The LO generator may include an input buffer configured to generate a first internal oscillator signal based on the input oscillator signal. The LO generator may include a frequency dividing circuit configured to generate a second internal oscillator signal based on dividing a frequency of the first internal oscillator signal. The LO generator may include an output buffer configured to generate the LO signal based on the second internal oscillator signal. The input buffer and the frequency dividing circuit may each be configured to receive a power voltage independently of the output buffer.

The disclosure relates to technology for power supply for a voltage controller oscillator (VCO), where the power supply has a closed loop mode and an open loop mode. In closed loop mode, a peak detector circuit determines the amplitude of the output for the VCO, which is compared to a reference value in an automatic gain control loop. An input voltage for the VCO is determined based on a difference between the reference value and the output of the peak detector circuit. The peak detector circuit can be implemented using parasitic bipolar devices in an integrated circuit formed in a CMOS process. While operating in the closed loop mode, a controller monitors the input voltage and, when the input voltage is stabilized, the controller uses this input voltage value determined in open loop mode.

The disclosure relates to technology for power supply for a voltage controller oscillator (VCO), where the power supply has a closed loop mode and an open loop mode. In closed loop mode, a peak detector circuit determines the amplitude of the output for the VCO, which is compared to a reference value in an automatic gain control loop. An input voltage for the VCO is determined based on a difference between the reference value and the output of the peak detector circuit. The peak detector circuit can be implemented using parasitic bipolar devices in an integrated circuit formed in a CMOS process. While operating in the closed loop mode, a controller monitors the input voltage and, when the input voltage is stabilized, the controller uses this input voltage value determined in open loop mode.

The disclosure relates to technology for power supply for a voltage controller oscillator (VCO). A peak detector circuit determines the amplitude of the output for the VCO, which is compared to a reference value in an automatic gain control loop. An input voltage for the VCO is determined based on a difference between the reference value and the output of the peak detector circuit. The peak detector circuit can be implemented using parasitic bipolar devices in an integrated circuit formed in a CMOS process.