Novel and useful quantum structures having a continuous well with control gates that control a local depletion region to form quantum dots. Local depleted well tunneling is used to control quantum operations to implement quantum computing circuits. Qubits are realized by modulating gate potential to control tunneling through local depleted region between two or more sections of the well. Complex structures with a higher number of qdots per continuous well and a larger number of wells are fabricated. Both planar and 3D FinFET semiconductor processes are used to build well to gate and well to well tunneling quantum structures. Combining a number of elementary quantum structure, a quantum computing machine is realized. An interface device provides an interface between classic circuitry and quantum circuitry by permitting tunneling of a single quantum particle from the classic side to the quantum side of the device. Detection interface devices detect the presence or absence of a particle destructively or nondestructively.

Novel and useful quantum structures having a continuous well with control gates that control a local depletion region to form quantum dots. Local depleted well tunneling is used to control quantum operations to implement quantum computing circuits. Qubits are realized by modulating gate potential to control tunneling through local depleted region between two or more sections of the well. Complex structures with a higher number of qdots per continuous well and a larger number of wells are fabricated. Both planar and 3D FinFET semiconductor processes are used to build well to gate and well to well tunneling quantum structures. Combining a number of elementary quantum structure, a quantum computing machine is realized. An interface device provides an interface between classic circuitry and quantum circuitry by permitting tunneling of a single quantum particle from the classic side to the quantum side of the device. Detection interface devices detect the presence or absence of a particle destructively or nondestructively.

Novel and useful quantum structures that provide various control functions. Particles are brought into close proximity to interact with one another and exchange information. After entanglement, the particles are moved away from each other but they still carry the information contained initially. Measurement and detection are performed on the particles from the entangled ensemble to determine whether the particle is present or not in a given qdot. A quantum interaction gate is a circuit or structure operating on a relatively small number of qubits. Quantum interaction gates implement several quantum functions including a controlled NOT gate, quantum annealing gate, controlled SWAP gate, a controlled Pauli rotation gate, and ancillary gate. These quantum interaction gates can have numerous shapes including double V shape, H shape, X shape, L shape, I shape, etc.

Novel and useful quantum structures that provide various control functions. Particles are brought into close proximity to interact with one another and exchange information. After entanglement, the particles are moved away from each other but they still carry the information contained initially. Measurement and detection are performed on the particles from the entangled ensemble to determine whether the particle is present or not in a given qdot. A quantum interaction gate is a circuit or structure operating on a relatively small number of qubits. Quantum interaction gates implement several quantum functions including a controlled NOT gate, quantum annealing gate, controlled SWAP gate, a controlled Pauli rotation gate, and ancillary gate. These quantum interaction gates can have numerous shapes including double V shape, H shape, X shape, L shape, I shape, etc.

Novel and useful quantum structures having a continuous well with control gates that control a local depletion region to form quantum dots. Local depleted well tunneling is used to control quantum operations to implement quantum computing circuits. Qubits are realized by modulating gate potential to control tunneling through local depleted region between two or more sections of the well. Complex structures with a higher number of qdots per continuous well and a larger number of wells are fabricated. Both planar and 3D FinFET semiconductor processes are used to build well to gate and well to well tunneling quantum structures. Combining a number of elementary quantum structure, a quantum computing machine is realized. An interface device provides an interface between classic circuitry and quantum circuitry by permitting tunneling of a single quantum particle from the classic side to the quantum side of the device. Detection interface devices detect the presence or absence of a particle destructively or nondestructively.

Novel and useful quantum structures that provide various control functions. Particles are brought into close proximity to interact with one another and exchange information. After entanglement, the particles are moved away from each other but they still carry the information contained initially. Measurement and detection are performed on the particles from the entangled ensemble to determine whether the particle is present or not in a given qdot. A quantum interaction gate is a circuit or structure operating on a relatively small number of qubits. Quantum interaction gates implement several quantum functions including a controlled NOT gate, quantum annealing gate, controlled SWAP gate, a controlled Pauli rotation gate, and ancillary gate. These quantum interaction gates can have numerous shapes including double V shape, H shape, X shape, L shape, I shape, etc.

Novel and useful quantum structures that provide various control functions. Particles are brought into close proximity to interact with one another and exchange information. After entanglement, the particles are moved away from each other but they still carry the information contained initially. Measurement and detection are performed on the particles from the entangled ensemble to determine whether the particle is present or not in a given qdot. A quantum interaction gate is a circuit or structure operating on a relatively small number of qubits. Quantum interaction gates implement several quantum functions including a controlled NOT gate, quantum annealing gate, controlled SWAP gate, a controlled Pauli rotation gate, and ancillary gate. These quantum interaction gates can have numerous shapes including double V shape, H shape, X shape, L shape, I shape, etc.

One example includes a digital communications converter. The converter includes at least one analog signal port configured to couple to at least one radiating element associated with an antenna structure coupled to an exterior surface of a vehicle. The at least one analog signal port can be configured to at least one of transmit and receive analog radio frequency (RF) signals respectively to and from the at least one radiating element. The converter also includes a digital interface configured to at least one of receive the analog RF signals or transmit the analog RF signals via the respective at least one analog signal port. The converter is also configured to convert between the analog RF signals and digital communication signals on a digital transmission medium that are at least one of transmitted to the digital communications converter via a digital communications cable and transmitted from the digital communications converter via the digital communications cable.

One example includes a digital communications converter. The converter includes at least one analog signal port configured to couple to at least one radiating element associated with an antenna structure coupled to an exterior surface of a vehicle. The at least one analog signal port can be configured to at least one of transmit and receive analog radio frequency (RF) signals respectively to and from the at least one radiating element. The converter also includes a digital interface configured to at least one of receive the analog RF signals or transmit the analog RF signals via the respective at least one analog signal port. The converter is also configured to convert between the analog RF signals and digital communication signals on a digital transmission medium that are at least one of transmitted to the digital communications converter via a digital communications cable and transmitted from the digital communications converter via the digital communications cable.

A stage, suitable for use in an analog to digital converter or a digital to analog converter, can have a plurality of slices that can be operated together to form a composite output. The stage can have reduced thermal noise, while each slice on its own has sufficiently small capacitance to respond quickly to changes in digital codes applied to the slice. This feature allows a fast conversion to be achieved without loss of noise performance.