In a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that includes one or more conversion circuits, with each conversion circuit configured to handle one or more bits in an input signal to the DAC, one or more types of errors that occur during operation of the DAC may be detected, and one or more adjustments may be determined for correcting the one or more types of errors that occur during operation of the DAC and/or for reducing effects resulting from the one or more types of errors. At least one of the one or more adjustments may applied, with the at least one of the one or more adjustments is applied to only a subset of one or more conversion circuits. The DAC may be adaptive switched among a plurality of modes, and adjustments may be applied only in one or more of the modes but not in all of the modes.

A modulator comprises one or more resonators. Each resonator has a light confining closed loop structure, such as a ring structure, and two, three or more electrodes associated with the light-confining structure, and may be a micro-resonator. An optical signal is modulated by a digital signal using the resonator. The procedure comprises obtaining the digital signal, mapping the signal using a mapping function to produce a transformed digital signal, the transformed digital signal being selected to produce, say linear, output from the resonator, inputting the transformed digital signal via electrodes onto the resonator; and modulating the optical signal via coupling from the resonator. Suitable mapping produces 16 QAM and other modulation schemes.

A modulator comprises one or more resonators. Each resonator has a light confining closed loop structure, such as a ring structure, and two, three or more electrodes associated with the light-confining structure, and may be a micro-resonator. An optical signal is modulated by a digital signal using the resonator. The procedure comprises obtaining the digital signal, mapping the signal using a mapping function to produce a transformed digital signal, the transformed digital signal being selected to produce, say linear, output from the resonator, inputting the transformed digital signal via electrodes onto the resonator; and modulating the optical signal via coupling from the resonator. Suitable mapping produces 16 QAM and other modulation schemes.

The present application provides a vector quantization digital-to-analog conversion circuit, applied to an oversampling converter, characterized that the vector quantization digital-to-analog conversion circuit comprises a vector quantization circuit, configured to generate a vector quantization signal, a data weighted averaging circuit, coupled to the vector quantization circuit, comprising a plurality of data weighted averaging sub-circuits, configured to receive the vector quantization signal to generate a plurality of data weighted averaging signals; and a digital-to-analog conversion circuit, coupled to the data weighted averaging circuit, comprising a plurality of digital-to-analog conversion sub-circuits, configured to receive the data weighted averaging signal to generate the analog signal.

The present application provides a vector quantization digital-to-analog conversion circuit, applied to an oversampling converter, characterized that the vector quantization digital-to-analog conversion circuit comprises a vector quantization circuit, configured to generate a vector quantization signal, a data weighted averaging circuit, coupled to the vector quantization circuit, comprising a plurality of data weighted averaging sub-circuits, configured to receive the vector quantization signal to generate a plurality of data weighted averaging signals; and a digital-to-analog conversion circuit, coupled to the data weighted averaging circuit, comprising a plurality of digital-to-analog conversion sub-circuits, configured to receive the data weighted averaging signal to generate the analog signal.

A multi-direction connectable electronic module includes a circuit board, including a top surface, a bottom surface, and at least one side; and a plurality of connectors connected to the circuit board, each including a lateral magnetic connector, a shell, a longitudinal inter-locking part, and a lateral inter-locking part. The lateral inter-locking part is configured to connect with a first electronic building block along the lateral direction. The longitudinal inter-locking part is configured to stack with a second electronic building block along the longitudinal direction. The lateral magnetic connector is configured to magnetically connect with the first electronic building block. A plurality of through holes are formed on the shell. A lateral pin connector disposed on the at least one side of the circuit board includes a plurality of pins located at positions corresponding to the plurality of through holes, and is configured to electrically connect the first electronic building block.

A multi-direction connectable electronic module includes a circuit board, including a top surface, a bottom surface, and at least one side; and a plurality of connectors connected to the circuit board, each including a lateral magnetic connector, a shell, a longitudinal inter-locking part, and a lateral inter-locking part. The lateral inter-locking part is configured to connect with a first electronic building block along the lateral direction. The longitudinal inter-locking part is configured to stack with a second electronic building block along the longitudinal direction. The lateral magnetic connector is configured to magnetically connect with the first electronic building block. A plurality of through holes are formed on the shell. A lateral pin connector disposed on the at least one side of the circuit board includes a plurality of pins located at positions corresponding to the plurality of through holes, and is configured to electrically connect the first electronic building block.

Droop caused by a filter may be compensated by applying a pre-filter to the audio signal that cancels out, at least in part, the droop caused by the filter. The pre-filter may implement magnitude compensation that causes an approximately flat passband response when the pre-filtered signal is passed through the filter. The pre-filter may be applied to one-bit wide data streams, such as high-fidelity direct stream digital (DSD) audio data or other one-bit wide data such as pulse-density modulation (PDM) encoded data. The pre-filtering and filtering may be implemented in components of an audio processor, such as in a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The pre-filtering may include upsampling the one-bit wide data to form symbols and substituting an eighth bit of the symbol with an inverted version of an earlier-received bit.

Techniques and related circuits are disclosed and can be used to characterize glitch performance of a digital-to-analog (DAC) converter circuit in a rapid and repeatable manner, such as for use in providing an alternating current (AC) glitch value specification. A relationship can exist between a glitch-induced DAC output offset value and a DAC circuit input event rate. A relationship between the event rate (e.g., update rate) and the DAC output offset can be used to predict an offset value based at least in part on update rate or to estimate a corresponding glitch impulse area. In particular, a value representing glitch impulse area can be obtained by use of a hardware integration circuit without requiring use of a digitized time-series of glitch event waveforms.

Techniques and related circuits are disclosed and can be used to characterize glitch performance of a digital-to-analog (DAC) converter circuit in a rapid and repeatable manner, such as for use in providing an alternating current (AC) glitch value specification. A relationship can exist between a glitch-induced DAC output offset value and a DAC circuit input event rate. A relationship between the event rate (e.g., update rate) and the DAC output offset can be used to predict an offset value based at least in part on update rate or to estimate a corresponding glitch impulse area. In particular, a value representing glitch impulse area can be obtained by use of a hardware integration circuit without requiring use of a digitized time-series of glitch event waveforms.