An operating method of a memory controller is provided. The operating method includes receiving a first read data and a second conversion information, the second conversion information including data obtained by converting a second read data based on a linear operation, and the first read data and the second read data including data read from same memory cells; converting the first read data based on the linear operation to generate a first conversion information; performing a logical operation on the first conversion information and the second conversion information to generate an operation information; performing an inverse operation of the linear operation on the operation information to generate a reliability information; and correcting an error of the first read data based on the first read data and the reliability information.

Methods and apparatus for transmitting and receiving broadcast signals are provided. The method for transmitting a broadcast signal includes encoding mobile data for forward error correction (FEC), encoding signaling data, forming data groups including the encoded mobile data and the encoded signaling data and transmitting a signal frame that includes the data groups.

Provided herein are methods and systems for applying active learning to train neural network based decoders to decode error correction codes transmitted over transmission channels subject to interference. The decoder may be trained using training samples actively by mapping a distribution of a large pool of samples and selecting samples estimated to most contribute to the training, specifically to exclude high SNR samples expected to be correctly decoded and low SNR samples which are potentially un-decodable. Further presented are ensembles of neural network based decoders applied to decode error correction codes. Each of the decoders of the ensemble is actively learned and trained using samples mapped into a respective region of the training samples distribution and is therefore optimized for the respective region. In runtime, the received code may be directed to one or more of the ensemble's decoders according to the region into which the received code is mapped.

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method and apparatus for data processing in a communication system. For example, a method comprises pre-processing received data encoded with a polar code; performing a first decoding of the pre-processed data to obtain output bits; in response to decoding failure of the first decoding, bit-flipping a portion of information bits of the output bits to obtain a first additional frozen bit; and performing a second decoding based on the first additional frozen bit and the pre-processed data. Embodiments of the present disclosure further provide a communication device capable of implementing the above method.

A semiconductor device of an embodiment includes an ECC decoding processing circuit configured to perform ECC decoding on ECC frame data in a lateral direction of a product code frame, an RS decoding processing circuit configured to perform Reed-Solomon (RS) decoding on second frame data in a longitudinal direction of the product code frame, a memory M0 in which a syndrome generated for the ECC frame data decoded is stored, a memory M1 in which an RS syndrome generated for ECC frame data for which the ECC decoding has been successful is stored, and a memory D in which ECC frame data for which the ECC decoding has been failed is stored as frame data which cannot be corrected through decoding, and frame collection processing, and iterative correction processing of performing RS decoding on the uncorrected frame data collected in the frame collection processing are executed.

A decoder performs: computing (S501) a value (i,j) of a performance-improvement metric for each kernel K.sub.i,j; and sorting (S502) the kernels in a list in decreasing order of the values (i,j). The decoder then performs a beliefs propagation iterative process as follows: updating (S503) output beliefs for the W top kernels of the list , and propagating said output beliefs as input beliefs of the neighbour kernels of said W top kernels; updating (S504) output beliefs for each neighbour kernel of said W top kernels following update of their input beliefs, and re-computing (S505) the performance-improvement metric value (i,j) for each said neighbour kernel; setting (S505) the performance-improvement metric for said W top kernels to a null value; and re-ordering (S506) the kernels in the list . Then, the decoder repeats the beliefs propagation iterative process until a stop condition is met.

A method, device and system for correcting errors in a group of received packets having a redundant packet. The method includes determining an inconsistent bit indicator for a bit position of the packets, determining a bit reliability indicator indicative of a potential bit error location in at least one packet, calculating a number of potential bit error locations for the bit position and identifying a correctable bit location accordingly. A method, device and system for correcting an error in a received packet. The method is adapted to calculate a checksum value of the received packet, verify if the checksum value is indicative of at least one bit error in the received packet, identify a predefined Checksum Pattern Type (CPT) according to the checksum value and determine at least one bit error event (BEE) accordingly. A method, device and system for decoding a plurality of received fountain encoded symbols.

Distributed storage systems frequently use a centralized metadata repository that stores metadata in an eventually consistent distributed database. However, a metadata repository cannot be relied upon for determining which erasure coded fragments are lost because of a storage node(s) failures. Instead, when recovering a failed storage node, a list of missing fragments is generated based on fragments stored in storage devices of available storage nodes. A storage node performing the recovery sends a request to one or more of the available storage nodes for a fragment list. The fragment list is generated, not based on a metadata database, but on scanning storage devices for fragments related to the failed storage node. The storage node performing the recovery merges retrieved lists to create a master list indicating fragments that should be regenerated for recovery of the failed storage node(s).

The disclosure discloses an algebraic decoding method and a decoder for a (n, n(n−1), n−1) permutation group code in a communication modulation system. The basic principle of the decoding method is: assuming that two code elements p(r.sub.1)=s.sub.1 and p(r.sub.2)=s.sub.2 can be correctly detected in a received real vector with a length of n, including their element values s.sub.1, s.sub.2 and position indices r.sub.1, r.sub.2 in the vector, an intermediate parameter w is determined by solving an equation (r.sub.1−r.sub.2)w=(s.sub.1−s.sub.2)(mod n); and each code element is calculated by w according to p(i)=(s.sub.1+(n−r.sub.1+i)w)(mod n), i=1, 2, . . . , n. The decoder is mainly composed of multiple n-dimensional registers, a w calculator, n code element calculators, and a code element buffer. In the disclosure, in a case where a receiver only correctly detects two code elements in a transmitted codeword with a length of n, the codeword can be correctly decoded by using the received information of the two code elements.

Example apparatus and methods control an error correcting code (ECC) approach for data stored on a solid state device (SSD). The control may be based on a property (e.g., reliability, error state, speed) of an SSD, or on an attribute of the data to be stored. Approaches including a hybrid rateless Reed-Solomon ECC approach or a fountain code ECC approach may be selected. Example apparatus and methods may store padded portions of an ECC at different locations in an SSD. Example apparatus and methods may dynamically generate performance test data about the SSD, and dynamically control the ECC approach based on the performance test data. Different types or numbers of ECC may be produced, stored, and provided for different data sets stored at different SSDs or at different physical locations within an SSD. The SSD may be local, or may be part of a cloud-based storage system.