A method for channel-coding information bits using a code generation matrix including 32 rows and A columns corresponding to length of the information bits includes, channel-coding the information bits having “A” length using basis sequences having 32-bit length corresponding to columns of the code generation matrix, and outputting the channel-coded result as an output sequence. If “A” is higher than 10, the code generation matrix is generated when (A−10) additional basis sequences were added as column-directional sequences to a first or second matrix. The first matrix is a TFCI code generation matrix composed of 32 rows and 10 columns used for TFCI coding. The second matrix is made when at least one of an inter-row location or an inter-column location of the first matrix was changed. The additional basis sequences satisfy a value 10 of a minimum Hamming distance.

Methods and systems for decoding raw data may select a preliminary read-level voltage from a sequence of read-level voltages based on a decoding success indicator and execute a preliminary hard decoding operation to decode raw data read from a plurality of memory cells using the preliminary read-level voltage. If the preliminary hard decoding operation is successful, the decoded data from the hard decoding operation is returned. If the preliminary hard decoding operation is unsuccessful, a multi-stage decoding operation may be executed to decode raw data read from the plurality of memory cells using the sequence of read-level voltages, and returning decoded data from the multi-stage decoding operation upon completion of the multi-stage decoding operation. The decoding success indicator is maintained based on results of the preliminary hard decoding operation or the multi-stage decoding operation.

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, obtaining a received channel-encoded data block having information bits, a transmitted error-check value, and redundant code bits. The redundant code bits correspond to a channel code applied to the received channel-encoded data block prior to transmission via a communication channel. A channel code type is identified and responsive to it being systematic, the information bits and the transmitted error-check value are obtained without decoding according to the channel code. The received channel-encoded data block is checked according to the transmitted error-check value to obtain a result. Responsive to the result not indicating an error, extracting the information bits without decoding the received channel-encoded data block according to the channel code. Responsive to the result indicating an error, decoding the received channel-encoded data block according to the channel code to obtain decoded information bits. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Apparatuses, systems, and methods for multi-bit error detection. A memory device may store data bits and parity bits in a memory array. An error correction code (ECC) circuit may generate syndrome bits based on the data and parity bits and use the syndrome bits to correct up to a single bit error in the data and parity bits. A multi-bit error (MBE) detection circuit may detect an MBE in the data and parity based on at least one of the syndrome bits or the parity bits. For example, the MBE detection circuit may determine if the syndrome bits have a mapped or unmapped state and/or may compare the parity bits, data bits, and an additional parity bit to determine if there is an MBE. When an MBE is detected an MBE signal is activated. In some embodiments, an MBE flag may be set based on the MBE signal being active.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a scheme for decoding over a small subgraph which highly likely includes some errors. A controller is configured to: control the first decoder to decode the data, read from the memory device, using a parity check matrix for the error correction code; extract one or more subgraphs from the entire bipartite graph of the parity check matrix, which is defined by a plurality of variable nodes and a plurality of check nodes when a particular condition satisfied; and control the second decoder to decode the decoding result of the first decoder using a submatrix of the parity check matrix corresponding to the extracted subgraphs.

A storage circuit is configured to store multiple vectors associated with variable and check nodes of an iterative decoding operation. As part of the iterative decoding operation, a processor circuit is configured to retrieve, from the storage circuit, an intermediate value vector, a first estimation vector, a second estimation vector, and a sign vector, and determine an absolute value of the intermediate value vector. The processor circuit is also configured, using the retrieved vectors, to generate updated values for the first and second estimation vectors as part of determining a bit estimate for a check node included in the iterative decoding operation.

A data processing device includes a plurality of variable nodes configured to receive and store a plurality of target bits; a plurality of check nodes each configured to receive stored target bits from one or more corresponding variable nodes of the plurality of variable nodes, check whether received target bits have an error bit, and transmit a check result to the corresponding variable nodes; and a group state value manager configured to determine group state values of variable node groups into which the plurality of variable nodes are grouped.

A data processing system includes a storage medium, and a controller including a data processing block, configured to receive data from a host, transmit the received data to the storage medium, read data from the storage medium in response to a read request from the host, and decode the read data by the data processing block according to multiple decoding modes. The data processing block includes a first decoder and a second decoder, and is configured to manage the first decoder and the second decoder to run the decoding for the read data, and activate a fast decoding having shorter latency than a normal decoding after a fast decoding condition is satisfied.

A memory system includes a non-volatile memory and a controller. The controller is configured to perform iterative correction on a plurality of frames of data read from the non-volatile memory. The iterative correction includes performing a first error correction on each of the frames including a first frame having errors not correctable by the first error correction, generating a syndrome on a set of second frames that include the first frame, performing a second error correction on the second frames using the syndrome, and performing a third error correction on the first frame. Each of the frames includes user data and first parity data used in the first error correction, the first parity data of the first frame also being used in the third error correction.

Provided herein may be an error correction decoder, an error correction circuit having the error correction decoder, and a method of operating the error correction decoder. The error correction decoder may include a calculator configured to output an error correction message by performing an iterative decoding operation on a first codeword, a syndrome generator configured to generate a syndrome by calculating the error correction message and a parity check matrix and to output a number of iterations representing the number of times the iterative decoding operation has been performed, and an unsatisfied check node (UCN) value representing the number of unsatisfied check nodes in the syndrome, and a speed selector configured to output a speed code for controlling a speed of the iterative decoding operation depending on the number of iterations and the UCN value.