An integrated pluggable optical tap module configured to be coupled to a host interface of a network equipment for tapping a signal of an optical transport link comprises a first, a second optical interface, and an active optical receiver. The optical pluggable module also includes a passive optical tap for splitting a signal received from the first optical interface and transmitting the signal on the second optical interface and a copy of the signal to the active optical receiver. The active optical receiver converts said signal to an electrical signal for transmission to the host interface.

The orbital states (position and/or time) for a constellation of space vehicles is determined as follows. The space vehicles measure PNT data, including range data determined based on FSO links between the space vehicles. The PNT data is transmitted from the space vehicles to two or more PNT controllers, which are a subset of the space vehicles that calculate the orbital state data for the constellation. This is a semi-distributed calculation. There is not a single controller that performs the calculations for all of the space vehicles in the constellation, and it is also not the case that each space vehicle performs its own calculations. Rather, each PNT controller services a sub-constellation of the space vehicles and determines the orbital state data for the space vehicles in the sub-constellation. The calculated orbital state data is transmitted from the PNT controllers to the space vehicles in the corresponding sub-constellations.

The orbital states (position and/or time) for a constellation of space vehicles is determined as follows. The space vehicles measure PNT data, including range data determined based on FSO links between the space vehicles. The PNT data is transmitted from the space vehicles to two or more PNT controllers, which are a subset of the space vehicles that calculate the orbital state data for the constellation. This is a semi-distributed calculation. There is not a single controller that performs the calculations for all of the space vehicles in the constellation, and it is also not the case that each space vehicle performs its own calculations. Rather, each PNT controller services a sub-constellation of the space vehicles and determines the orbital state data for the space vehicles in the sub-constellation. The calculated orbital state data is transmitted from the PNT controllers to the space vehicles in the corresponding sub-constellations.

Various embodiments of a monolithic transceiver are described, which may be fabricated on a semiconductor substrate. The monolithic transceiver includes a coherent receiver module (CRM), a coherent transmitter module (CTM), and a local oscillation splitter to feed a local oscillation to the CRM and the CTM with a tunable power ratio. The monolithic transceiver provides tunable responsivity by employing photodiodes for opto-electrical conversion. The monolithic transceiver also employs a polarization beam rotator-splitter (PBRS) and a polarization beam rotator-combiner (PBRC) for supporting modulation schemes including polarization multiplexed quadrature amplitude modulation (PM-QAM) and polarization multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying (PM-QPSK).

Various embodiments of a monolithic transceiver are described, which may be fabricated on a semiconductor substrate. The monolithic transceiver includes a coherent receiver module (CRM), a coherent transmitter module (CTM), and a local oscillation splitter to feed a local oscillation to the CRM and the CTM with a tunable power ratio. The monolithic transceiver provides tunable responsivity by employing photodiodes for opto-electrical conversion. The monolithic transceiver also employs a polarization beam rotator-splitter (PBRS) and a polarization beam rotator-combiner (PBRC) for supporting modulation schemes including polarization multiplexed quadrature amplitude modulation (PM-QAM) and polarization multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying (PM-QPSK).

The present disclosure is directed to a user friendly removable AOC over fiber connection system that simplifies consumer installation and maintenance for optical transmission of high-speed uncompressed video and data over long distances, including a removable optical transmitter and a removable optical receiver. The optical transmitter including a transmitting circuitry configured to receive electrical or optical signals from a source device; at least one laser configured into the transmitting circuitry for converting the electrical signals into light signals; it can be present but is not mandatory an interface electrically connected to the transmitting circuitry and configured to connect the transmitting circuitry to the source device; and one or a plurality of optical connectors connected to the transmitting circuitry for receiving the light signals, the optical connectors configured to removably connect to a plurality of transmitting optical fibers for transmitting light signals. The optical receiver including a receiving circuitry configured to receive the light signals from the transmitting optical fibers and convert the light signals into the electrical signals. It can be present but is not mandatory an interface electrically connected to the transmitting circuitry and configured to connect the transmitting circuitry to the source device. The shape of the removable connection may vary; can be of a simple plug male or female, or can be in a shaped as a keystone to be inserted in a wallplate male or female, or can be a complete wallplate shape or any other shape not described here.

The present disclosure is directed to a user friendly removable AOC over fiber connection system that simplifies consumer installation and maintenance for optical transmission of high-speed uncompressed video and data over long distances, including a removable optical transmitter and a removable optical receiver. The optical transmitter including a transmitting circuitry configured to receive electrical or optical signals from a source device; at least one laser configured into the transmitting circuitry for converting the electrical signals into light signals; it can be present but is not mandatory an interface electrically connected to the transmitting circuitry and configured to connect the transmitting circuitry to the source device; and one or a plurality of optical connectors connected to the transmitting circuitry for receiving the light signals, the optical connectors configured to removably connect to a plurality of transmitting optical fibers for transmitting light signals. The optical receiver including a receiving circuitry configured to receive the light signals from the transmitting optical fibers and convert the light signals into the electrical signals. It can be present but is not mandatory an interface electrically connected to the transmitting circuitry and configured to connect the transmitting circuitry to the source device. The shape of the removable connection may vary; can be of a simple plug male or female, or can be in a shaped as a keystone to be inserted in a wallplate male or female, or can be a complete wallplate shape or any other shape not described here.

An optical transmission device includes: a first receiver circuit, a second receiver circuit, a switch circuit, a terminator circuit, a packet buffer, a clock generator, and a signal generator. The first receiver circuit converts an optical signal received via a first route into a first electric signal. The second receiver circuit converts an optical signal received via a second route into a second electric signal. The switch circuit selects the first electric signal or the second electric signal. The terminator circuit extracts a packet from an electric signal selected by the switch circuit. The packet buffer stores the packet extracted by the terminator circuit. The clock generator generates a clock signal. The signal generator generates a continuous signal that includes the packet stored in the packet buffer by using the clock signal.

An optical transmission device includes: a first receiver circuit, a second receiver circuit, a switch circuit, a terminator circuit, a packet buffer, a clock generator, and a signal generator. The first receiver circuit converts an optical signal received via a first route into a first electric signal. The second receiver circuit converts an optical signal received via a second route into a second electric signal. The switch circuit selects the first electric signal or the second electric signal. The terminator circuit extracts a packet from an electric signal selected by the switch circuit. The packet buffer stores the packet extracted by the terminator circuit. The clock generator generates a clock signal. The signal generator generates a continuous signal that includes the packet stored in the packet buffer by using the clock signal.

According to one example configuration, an apparatus enhances functionality of a mobile communication device. The apparatus includes an encasement in which to retain the mobile communication device and supplemental circuitry. The supplemental circuitry is operable to: i) control an optical transmitter in the supplemental circuitry to irradiate matter under test, ii) monitor attributes of an optical signal reflected off the matter under test and received by the optical receiver; and iii) communicate the attributes of the optical signal from the supplemental circuitry to the mobile communication device over a communication link. The supplemental circuitry optionally includes multiple electrodes to further monitor attributes of the matter under test.