A system includes a radio frequency (RF) receiver having an input, and an antenna terminal configured to connect to an antenna. The system further includes one or more switches that switch the receiver input of the RF receiver to connect to a terminating load that is not an antenna or to an internal antenna, and noise level measurement circuitry that measures a first RF noise level across the terminating load or the internal antenna. The one or more switches further switch the receiver input of the RF receiver to connect to the antenna terminal, and the noise level measurement circuitry further measures a second RF noise level received at the antenna terminal. The system also includes a controller that determines whether an external antenna is connected to the antenna terminal based on the first RF noise level and the second RF noise level.

A method of wireless communication performed by a receiving device includes determining a transmission reference point value and determining a transmission reference point gradient of a loss based on the transmission reference point value. The receiving device also transmits a message comprising the transmission reference point gradient to a transmitting device. A method of wireless communication by a transmitting device includes receiving a transmission reference point gradient of a loss from a receiving device. The transmitting device determines a transmission point-payload gradient of a transmission reference point value with respect to an encoded value generated by a transmitter neural network. The transmitting device also determines a payload gradient of the loss based on a product of the transmission reference point gradient and the transmission point-payload gradient. The transmitting device further updates weights of the transmitter neural network based on the payload gradient.

A method of wireless communication performed by a receiving device includes determining a transmission reference point value and determining a transmission reference point gradient of a loss based on the transmission reference point value. The receiving device also transmits a message comprising the transmission reference point gradient to a transmitting device. A method of wireless communication by a transmitting device includes receiving a transmission reference point gradient of a loss from a receiving device. The transmitting device determines a transmission point-payload gradient of a transmission reference point value with respect to an encoded value generated by a transmitter neural network. The transmitting device also determines a payload gradient of the loss based on a product of the transmission reference point gradient and the transmission point-payload gradient. The transmitting device further updates weights of the transmitter neural network based on the payload gradient.

A receiver with a power detecting function for a pulsed signal is provided. Said receiver comprises an accumulator for accumulating samples of the respective power of the corresponding signal over time. In this context, the respective accumulation length is a window being based on the pulse length of the corresponding signal. Furthermore, the receiver may additionally comprise an output for outputting several windows and a maximum detector. In this context, the maximum detector is configured to determine a maximum power value of the several windows.

A receiver with a power detecting function for a pulsed signal is provided. Said receiver comprises an accumulator for accumulating samples of the respective power of the corresponding signal over time. In this context, the respective accumulation length is a window being based on the pulse length of the corresponding signal. Furthermore, the receiver may additionally comprise an output for outputting several windows and a maximum detector. In this context, the maximum detector is configured to determine a maximum power value of the several windows.

A wireless sensor includes a radio frequency (RF) front end, a sensing element, and a processing module. The RF front end sends a coded digital value to a sensing computing device via an RF signal. The sensing element senses an environmental condition of an item. The processing module determines an effect on an operational parameter of an RF front end of the wireless sensor as a result of the sensing element sensing the environmental condition. The processing module also adjusts tuning of the RF front end to mitigate the effect on the operational parameter and equates an amount of adjusting of the tuning of the RF front end to the coded digital value.

A wireless sensor includes a radio frequency (RF) front end, a sensing element, and a processing module. The RF front end sends a coded digital value to a sensing computing device via an RF signal. The sensing element senses an environmental condition of an item. The processing module determines an effect on an operational parameter of an RF front end of the wireless sensor as a result of the sensing element sensing the environmental condition. The processing module also adjusts tuning of the RF front end to mitigate the effect on the operational parameter and equates an amount of adjusting of the tuning of the RF front end to the coded digital value.

An apparatus includes a series connection of at least a first impedance and a second impedance, the first impedance having a first terminal and a second terminal and the second impedance having a first terminal and a second terminal. The second terminal of the first impedance is connected to the first terminal of the second impedance forming a first node. The apparatus further includes a signal generator to apply a first amplitude modulated signal to the first terminal of the first impedance and a second amplitude modulated signal to the second terminal of the second impedance; and further includes an evaluation device configured to receive a first measurement signal from the first node and to determine information on the at least one physical parameter depending on the first measurement signal.

An apparatus includes a series connection of at least a first impedance and a second impedance, the first impedance having a first terminal and a second terminal and the second impedance having a first terminal and a second terminal. The second terminal of the first impedance is connected to the first terminal of the second impedance forming a first node. The apparatus further includes a signal generator to apply a first amplitude modulated signal to the first terminal of the first impedance and a second amplitude modulated signal to the second terminal of the second impedance; and further includes an evaluation device configured to receive a first measurement signal from the first node and to determine information on the at least one physical parameter depending on the first measurement signal.

A method and system for selecting a sub-band in a television white space frequency band may include configuring an antenna matching circuit based on the selected sub-band and configuring a bandpass filter based on the selected sub-band. The method may include receiving a first signal through a radio-frequency path including the antenna matching circuit and not including the bandpass filter, measuring a parameter of received first signal, and determining whether the selected sub-band is usable based on the measured parameter of the received first signal. The method may include receiving a second signal through radio-frequency path including the antenna matching circuit and the bandpass filter, measuring a parameter of the received second signal, and determining whether the selected sub-band is usable based on the measured parameter of the received second signal.