Methods and apparatus to perform audio watermarking and watermark detection and extraction are disclosed. Example apparatus disclosed herein to embed a code into an audio signal include means for selecting frequency components to be used to represent the code, different sets of frequency components to represent respectively different information, respective ones of the frequency components in the sets of frequency components located in respective code bands, there being multiple code bands and spacing between adjacent code bands being equal to or less than the spacing between adjacent frequency components in the code bands. Disclosed example apparatus further include means for synthesizing the frequency components to be used to represent the code and means for combining the synthesized frequency components with an audio block of the audio signal.

Apparatus, systems, articles of manufacture, and methods to identify media using watermarks and signatures are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a watermark evaluator to determine a time and a category indicated by a watermark detected in the media and a window generator to determine a search window based on the time indicated by the watermark. The example apparatus also includes a signature comparator to compare a query signature having a time value within the search window with a subset of reference signatures associated with the category to identify the media, the query signature generated from the media, the subset set of reference signatures generated from reference media associated with the category.

There is provided an arrangement which is capable of reliably generating and transmitting viewing information with respect to contents received via a communication route other than terrestrial broadcasting waves. Contents in which a contents ID applicable to the generation of viewing information and viewing information-compatible data such as viewing information destination information or the like are recorded in an electronic watermark (WaterMark) or a sound data file are sent from a transmitting apparatus to a receiving apparatus. The receiving apparatus acquires the contents ID and the viewing information destination information, etc. from the electronic watermark (WM) or the sound data file, generates viewing information using the acquired data, and sends the generated viewing information to a designated address.

A method, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, and reception apparatus for extracting metadata, and an information providing apparatus for providing the metadata. The method for extracting metadata includes processing, by circuitry of the reception apparatus, content that includes the metadata embedded therein. The metadata is embedded as a watermark in a first portion of a video frame of the content. The circuitry determines symbol values of the watermark from the video frame based on luminance values in pixels of the first portion of the video frame of the content to extract the metadata. At least one of the luminance values is less than 16.

A method, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, and reception apparatus for extracting metadata, and an information providing apparatus for providing the metadata. The method for extracting metadata includes processing, by circuitry of the reception apparatus, content that includes the metadata embedded therein. The metadata is embedded as a watermark in a first portion of a video frame of the content. The circuitry determines symbol values of the watermark from the video frame based on luminance values in pixels of the first portion of the video frame of the content to extract the metadata. At least one of the luminance values is less than 16.

Example methods and apparatus to detect audio engineering problems using identification of isolated watermarks are disclosed herein. Disclosed example methods include identifying, by executing an instruction with a processor, isolated watermarks in a first set of detected watermarks obtained from first media monitored at a first site. Disclosed example methods further include determining, by executing an instruction with the processor, a problem has been detected with the first media associated with the first set of detected watermarks in response to a first number of isolated watermarks identified in the first set of detected watermarks satisfying a first threshold.

Disclosed example people monitoring methods include detecting a first watermark in a first audio signal obtained from an acoustic sensor, the first watermark identifying media presented by a monitored media device, determining whether a second watermark, different from the first watermark, is embedded in the first audio signal obtained from the acoustic sensor, the second watermark identifying at least one of a mobile device or a user of the mobile device, classifying the second watermark as a media watermark or a people monitoring watermark based on a characteristic of the second watermark, and when the second watermark is determined to be embedded in the first audio signal, reporting at least one of the second watermark or information decoded from the second watermark to identify at least one of the mobile device or the user of the mobile device as being exposed to the media presented by the monitored media device.

Methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed herein to identify media presentation by analyzing network traffic. Example instructions cause a machine to generate a traffic profile to reduce a computational burden of identifying streaming media being presented on a media presentation device, the traffic profile including first network traffic data indicative of the streaming media; obtain the traffic profile and second network traffic data corresponding to the streaming media; and generate, in response to a score for the second network traffic data meeting a threshold of similarity, a network traffic analysis report identifying the streaming media being presented on the media presentation device.

Methods and apparatus to verify and/or correct media lineup information are disclosed. Disclosed example apparatus include means for determining reference media, the means for determining reference media to identify a plurality of first signatures in a database that matches a plurality of second signatures included in media presentation data representative of media output by a media device in response to a mismatch between the media presentation data and reference data associated with first reference media corresponding to a first station, the plurality of second signatures generated from the media output by the media device; and determine second reference media corresponding to the plurality of first signatures; and means for storing the media presentation data.

Methods, apparatus, systems and articles of manufacture (e.g., physical storage media) to implement flexible commercial monitoring for television audience measurement are disclosed. Example television audience measurement systems disclosed herein include a flexible commercial detector to detect whether a first watermark decoded from a television program broadcast signal is a bridge watermark that indicates a portion of the television broadcast signal including the bridge watermark is associated with a flexible commercial insertion event, the flexible commercial insertion event corresponding to insertion of a flexible commercial in the portion of the television broadcast signal. Disclosed example television audience measurement systems also include a commercial metric calculator to credit audience exposure associated with the portion of the television broadcast signal to a flexible commercial crediting metric in response to a determination that the first watermark is the bridge watermark.