A data transmission method, a transmitter, and a receiver, where the method includes obtaining constant bit rate (CBR) service data, performing physical coding sublayer (PCS) encoding on the CBR service data, inserting a rate adaptation code block in a PCS bitstream obtained by PCS encoding to perform rate adaptation on the PCS bitstream, mapping the adapted PCS bitstream to N timeslots of a flexible Ethernet (FlexE) frame, where N is a positive integer greater than or equal to one, and sending the FlexE frame, where FlexE overhead of the FlexE frame includes information indicating the N timeslots corresponding to the PCS bitstream. Hence, according to the data transmission method, the transmitter, and the receiver, the CBR service data may be mapped to a FlexE, and a carrying capability of the FlexE is improved.

A system can include one or more content distribution sites to provide content to one or more content satellite offices for delivery toward a set of destination devices for display. A content distribution site, of the one or more content distribution sites, can include one or more streamer devices. The one or more streamer devices can be associated with a single spoofed Internet protocol (IP) address. The spoofed IP address can facilitate failover among the one or more streamer devices. The one or more streamer devices can be configured to provide the content toward the set of destination devices using multicast with forward error correction (FEC). A content satellite office, of the one or more content satellite offices, can be configured to subscribe to a multicast group associated with the one or more streamer devices. The multicast group can be associated with the spoofed IP address to facilitate the failover among the one or more streamer devices.

Methods, systems, and apparatus for automatically injecting symbol errors into a data stream prior to transmitting the data stream for timing recovery robustness are disclosed. In one aspect, a first telecommunications device determines that a data transition rate of a data stream exceeds a pre-specified rate. In response to the determination that the data transition rate exceeds the pre-specified rate, the first telecommunications device injects symbol errors into the data stream prior to transmitting the data stream to a second telecommunications device. The pre-specified rate is based on at least a nominal passband of the second telecommunications device.

Embodiments of the present invention can assign multiple resource units (RUs) to a single wireless station using an aggregated Multi-RU (“virtual resource unit” or “vRU”) that aggregates multiple RUs, and the parameters of the virtual RU can be calculated according to existing standards such the padding schemes and RUs (e.g., RU26, RU52, RU106, RU242, RU484, RU996, RU2x996) defined in IEEE 802.11ax. The virtual RU parameters used for joint encoding can be directly calculated based on formulas described herein according to embodiments of the present invention, and according to values obtained from pre-defined tables.

An endoscope system includes: an image sensor, a first photoelectric sensor configured to convert an imaging signal and test data output from the image sensor into an optical signal and output the optical signal, optical fibers configured to transmit the optical signal output from the first photoelectric sensor, and an information processing device. The information processing device includes a second photoelectric sensor configured to receive the optical signal transmitted through the optical fibers, and is configured to: measure a current value corresponding to a receiving sensitivity of the test data converted into an electric signal by the second photoelectric sensor; measure a bit error rate of the test data; determine a transmission level of the test data based on the current value and the bit error rate; and assume reasons for a decrease in the transmission level and cause the transmission level to recover based on the transmission level.

Systems, algorithms and methods for reclaiming unused portions of a satellite broadcast service's bandwidth for new services, utilizing higher performance coding techniques to yield better throughput, are presented. These systems, algorithms and methods achieve the reclaimed bandwidth in a way that is invisible to a legacy receiver, and that does not interfere with its reception of a legacy signal. In one embodiment, new data may be transmitted within a legacy transmission frame, for example within its cluster structure, using the same modulation and synchronization as used for the legacy data. The new data may be inserted into a channel or other subdivision at a head end. In another embodiment, one or more clusters or subdivisions with only new data may be transmitted, using the same modulation and synchronization as the legacy data clusters, but now employing a higher performing FEC and data interleaving structure on those clusters which contain only new data to yield an increase in available throughput. Finally, in a third embodiment, one or more clusters containing only new data may be transmitted, and in said one or more all new data clusters, different modulation and synchronization may be used then that of the legacy data clusters, thus employing a higher performing FEC and data interleaving structure than that of the legacy clusters. Various combinations of these approaches are also presented, as well as a set of novel receivers, or receiver configurations, to implement them and their combinations

In one exemplary aspect, an edge-gateway multipath method includes the step of providing an edge device in a local network communicatively coupled with a cloud-computing service in a cloud-computing network. A set of wide area network (WAN) links connected to the edge device are automatically detected. The WAN links are automatically measured without the need for an external router. The edge device is communicatively coupled with a central configuration point in the cloud-computing network. The method further includes the step of downloading, from the central configuration point, an enterprise-specific configuration data into the edge device. The enterprise-specific configuration data includes the gateway information. The edge device is communicatively coupled with a gateway in the cloud-computing network. The communicatively coupling of the edge device with the gateway includes a multipath (MP) protocol.

Techniques are described for wireless communication. One method includes detecting a first reference signal received from a user equipment (UE) in a reference scheduled transmission burst including a plurality of contiguous transmission time intervals (TTIs) received over a shared radio frequency spectrum band; identifying a reference TTI in which the first reference signal is received; determining a contention window size usable by the UE to contend for access to the shared radio frequency spectrum band; and transmitting an indication of the determined contention window size to the UE.

Techniques for signaling new versions of a communication protocol differentiated from legacy versions of the communication protocol that are interoperable with stations implementing legacy versions of the communication protocol, that are compatible with future new versions of the communication protocol, and that do not overly complicate the receiver state machine have been disclosed.

An identifier update method includes: in the process of a first terminal sending data carrying a first identifier to a second terminal, the first terminal acquiring a second identifier, wherein the second identifier is used for updating the first identifier, and both the first identifier and the second identifier are used for identifying the first terminal; and the first terminal sending indication information to the second terminal, wherein the indication information is used for indicating that the second identifier carried in data subsequently sent by the first terminal to the second terminal is an update of the first identifier.