A transmission device includes a controller configured to apply transmission schemes to respective divisions of a signal to be transmitted to a fronthaul and a transmitter configured to transmit the signal to the fronthaul. The respective divisions include a first division and a second division, and the controller is configured to apply a transmission scheme having higher error tolerance to the first division and a transmission scheme having lower error tolerance to the second division.

Disclosed are methods for base stations to indicate the start and end of a downlink message, by prepending and appending demarcations to the message in 5G or 6G. A user device can then readily locate the message by detecting the demarcations, greatly reducing the amount of computation required of the receiver processor. There may be no need for a DCI message alerting the user device of the comming message. Each demarcation may be a brief predetermined bit sequence such as a demodulation reference or an identification code of the intended recipient. The start and end demarcations may be different, and may include a gap of zero or low transmission, to further assist the receiver. The user device may transmit a request message to the base station, requesting that demarcations be applied to the user's downlink messages, and declining the redundant DCI alert messages, thereby saving further energy and network overhead.

Mixed mode constellation mapping to map a data block to a block of sub-carriers based on a configurable set of one or more constellation mapping schemes, and corresponding mixed mode least likelihood ratio (LLR) de-mapping based on the configurable set of one or more modulation schemes. The set may be configurable to include multiple modulation schemes to provide to a SEvSNR measure that is a non-weighted or weighted average of SEvSNR measures of the multiple modulation schemes. Mixed mode constellation mapping may be useful be configurable to control spectral efficiency versus SNR (SEvSNR) over a range of SNR with relatively fine SNR granularity, and may be configurable to control SEvSNR over a range of SNR at a fixed FEC code rate, which may include a highest available or highest permitted code rate.

A method and apparatus for modulating/demodulating an FSK signal capable of overcoming a trade-off relationship between a modulation index and a spectral efficiency are disclosed. An apparatus for modulating/demodulating a frequency deviation keying (FSK) signal includes a channel selection-modulator, a phase locked loop, and an output unit. The channel selection-modulator modulates an FSK signal by setting a frequency channel to be used. The phase locked loop generates a desired output frequency ‘fout’ compared to a reference frequency ‘f.sub.REF’ by adjusting a frequency division ratio (N+n) with respect to a frequency of the modulated FSK signal. The output unit amplifies the FSK signal having the generated output frequency ‘fout’ and radiating the amplified FSK signal through an antenna. Here, each of the frequency channels is divided into two or more tones, and different frequency channels are allocated between the tones divided into two or more tones.

Certain aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for port selection for channel state feedback with analog feedforward. A method that may be performed by a user equipment (UE) includes selecting one or more channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) ports, of a plurality of CSI-RS ports, for the UE to report CSI. The port selection includes selecting any of the plurality of CSI-RS ports for selecting CSI-RS based on a grouping of the plurality of CSI-RS ports. The UE determines a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) formed by a linear combination of the one or more selected CSI-RS ports. The UE computes at least wideband linear combination coefficients for the selected CSI-RS ports. The UE provides the selected one or more CSI-RS ports and the computed wideband linear combination coefficients to a base station (BS) in a CSI report.

A processing circuit includes: a clock generating circuit configured to generate, based on a reference clock signal and a frequency division ratio, a first clock signal; a frequency dividing and delay circuit configured to generate a second clock signal to have a first phase difference with the reference clock signal by dividing the frequency of the first clock signal and delaying the first clock signal based on a phase shift set signal and the frequency division ratio; an analog-to-digital converter circuit configured to convert an analog signal into a digital signal based on the first clock signal and a conversion trigger signal indicating a sampling period and a conversion period; and a control circuit configured to generate the conversion trigger signal to have the same cycle as the second clock signal based on the frequency division ratio and the first clock signal.

A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) is configured to determine a frequency location of a reduced frequency bandwidth within a full system frequency bandwidth for an uplink transmission. The reduced frequency bandwidth is based on a received MTC physical downlink control channel. The WTRU is configured to determine a frequency location of an uplink resource in a first subframe based on at least one of a subframe number of the first subframe, a transmission repetition number associated with the first subframe, or a coverage enhancement level of the WTRU. The WTRU is configured to send a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) transmission in the uplink resource in the first subframe in a same frequency location in both slots of the first subframe. A format of the PUCCH transmission is limited to a subset of PUCCH formats available for a WTRU operating in the full system frequency bandwidth.

An audio data transmission method includes encapsulating, based on a physical layer frame header, a protocol data unit (PDU) including audio data, to obtain an audio data packet, where the physical layer frame header is modulated using a first digital modulation scheme, the PDU is modulated using a second digital modulation scheme, a value of a modulation rate of the first digital modulation scheme is equal to a value of a data transmission rate, and a value of a modulation rate of the second digital modulation scheme is less than the value of the data transmission rate, and sending the audio data packet on a BLUETOOTH low energy (BLE) physical channel at the data transmission rate.

Modulated signal A is transmitted from a first antenna, and modulated signal B is transmitted from a second antenna. As modulated signal B, modulated symbols S2(i) and S2(i+1) obtained from different data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. In contrast, as modulated signal A, modulated symbols S1(i) and S1(i)′ obtained by changing the signal point arrangement of the same data are transmitted at time i and time i+1 respectively. As a result the reception quality can be changed intentionally at time i and time i+1, and therefore using the demodulation result of modulated signal A of a time when the reception quality is good enables both modulated signals A and B to be demodulated with good error rate performances.

Methods, apparatuses, and computer readable media for tone plans and preambles for extremely high throughput (EHT) in a wireless network are disclosed. An apparatus of an EHT access point (AP) or EHT station (STA), where the apparatus includes processing circuitry configured to: encode a physical layer (PHY) protocol data unit (PPDU), the PPDU including a EHT preamble, the EHT preamble including a legacy preamble portion and a EHT preamble portion, the legacy preamble including a legacy short training field (L-SFT), a legacy long-training field (L-LTF), and a legacy signal field (L-SIG), the EHT preamble portion comprising an EHT short signal field (EHT S-SIG), the EHT S-SIG including a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) subfield indicating a MCS of a subsequent data portion. The PPDU may be transmitted on a distributed or contiguous resource unit (RU) allocation. The RU may be configured to not straddle two physical 20 MHz subchannels.