An access point (AP) of an AP multi-link device (MLD) is associated with a first communication link, and one or more secondary APs of the AP MLD are associated with one or more respective secondary communication links of the AP MLD. The first AP of the AP MLD generates a frame including a first change sequence field, one or more secondary change sequence fields, and a critical update flag subfield. The first change sequence field carries a value of the most-recent critical update for the first AP. The one or more secondary change sequence fields carry values of the most-recent critical updates for the one or more respective secondary APs. The critical update flag subfield carries an indication of a change in value of at least one of the secondary change sequence fields. The first AP transmits the frame over the first communication link of the AP MLD.

Methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed for proactive data routing. An example apparatus includes at least one memory, machine-readable instructions, and processor circuitry to execute the machine-readable instructions to at least execute a machine-learning model to output a first data routing path in a network environment based on metadata associated with an event in the network environment. The processor circuitry is further to, after a detection of a change of the first data routing path to a second data routing path, retrain the machine-learning model to output a third data routing path based on the second data routing path. The processor circuitry is additionally to cause transmission of a second message to a first node based on the third data routing path after an identification of the event.

Methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed for proactive data routing. An example apparatus includes at least one memory, machine-readable instructions, and processor circuitry to execute the machine-readable instructions to at least execute a machine-learning model to output a first data routing path in a network environment based on metadata associated with an event in the network environment. The processor circuitry is further to, after a detection of a change of the first data routing path to a second data routing path, retrain the machine-learning model to output a third data routing path based on the second data routing path. The processor circuitry is additionally to cause transmission of a second message to a first node based on the third data routing path after an identification of the event.

Embodiments of this application provide a bit-forwarding ingress router, a bit-forwarding router, and an OAM test method, and pertain to the field of multicast networks. A first BFR receives an OAM request packet from a BFIR; the first BFR determines, according to the OAM request packet, that a destination BFR corresponding to the OAM request packet is the first BFR; and the first BFR obtains a first OAM response packet according to an ID of the BFIR, and sends the first OAM response packet to the BFIR. According to the method and the apparatus that are provided in the embodiments of this application, a problem that a BFIR cannot diagnose or handle a transmission fault when the fault occurs during transmission of a multicast packet can be resolved, which helps implement connectivity testing by using an OAM packet and enables testing of multiple BFERs.

Embodiments of this application provide a bit-forwarding ingress router, a bit-forwarding router, and an OAM test method, and pertain to the field of multicast networks. A first BFR receives an OAM request packet from a BFIR; the first BFR determines, according to the OAM request packet, that a destination BFR corresponding to the OAM request packet is the first BFR; and the first BFR obtains a first OAM response packet according to an ID of the BFIR, and sends the first OAM response packet to the BFIR. According to the method and the apparatus that are provided in the embodiments of this application, a problem that a BFIR cannot diagnose or handle a transmission fault when the fault occurs during transmission of a multicast packet can be resolved, which helps implement connectivity testing by using an OAM packet and enables testing of multiple BFERs.

A counter router (20) assigns predetermined information specifying a terminal (40) and a sequence number according to the predetermined information to a packet which is received and destined for the terminal (40). Further, the counter router (20) transfers the packet to which the predetermined information and the sequence number are assigned, to a subscriber accommodation router (10) via a relay device. Further, the subscriber accommodation router (10) stores, in an aggregation server (30), the predetermined information and the sequence number which are assigned to the packet transferred from the counter router (20).

A counter router (20) assigns predetermined information specifying a terminal (40) and a sequence number according to the predetermined information to a packet which is received and destined for the terminal (40). Further, the counter router (20) transfers the packet to which the predetermined information and the sequence number are assigned, to a subscriber accommodation router (10) via a relay device. Further, the subscriber accommodation router (10) stores, in an aggregation server (30), the predetermined information and the sequence number which are assigned to the packet transferred from the counter router (20).

Apparatuses, systems, and techniques to multicast a transaction to a group of targets. In at least one embodiment, a set is selected from alternate sets of directives associated with the group of targets, and the transaction is transmitted to the group of targets in accordance with the selected set.

Apparatuses, systems, and techniques to multicast a transaction to a group of targets. In at least one embodiment, a set is selected from alternate sets of directives associated with the group of targets, and the transaction is transmitted to the group of targets in accordance with the selected set.

Techniques are described to provide for the ability to combine policies in a manner that utilized policy purposes to generate a combined policy. In one example, a method includes obtaining, at a network entity of a network, a plurality of policies, wherein each policy is associated with a policy purpose defined by a policy originator; combining the plurality of policies by the network entity to generate a combined policy, wherein the combining is performed based on a ranking of policy purposes; and enforcing the combined policy at one or more policy enforcement entities of the network for one or more packet flows communicated between a client and the network.