A data packet sending method includes determining a data packet set corresponding to each network device in a plurality of network devices, where the data packet set includes one or more data packets that need to be used by the corresponding network device, and data packet sets are not the same; generating a plurality of correspondences based on the data packet sets of the plurality of network devices, where the correspondence is a correspondence between a data packet group and a network device group, the network device group includes one or more network devices, and the data packet group includes data packets that need to be used by all network devices in the network device group; and sending the corresponding data packet group to the network devices in the network device group based on the correspondence.

In accordance with an embodiment, a communication method applied to a first node includes: receiving first information from a second node, wherein the first information comprises an available space size in a first buffer space of the second node, the first buffer space is for buffering a data packet that is to be transmitted through a first path, the first path is a primary path for transmitting the data packet, and the second node is a next-hop node of the first node on the primary path; and in response to the available space size in the first buffer space being less than or equal to a first threshold, determining to transmit the data packet through a third node, wherein the third node is a next-hop node of the first node on a backup path for transmitting the data packet.

In accordance with an embodiment, a communication method applied to a first node includes: receiving first information from a second node, wherein the first information comprises an available space size in a first buffer space of the second node, the first buffer space is for buffering a data packet that is to be transmitted through a first path, the first path is a primary path for transmitting the data packet, and the second node is a next-hop node of the first node on the primary path; and in response to the available space size in the first buffer space being less than or equal to a first threshold, determining to transmit the data packet through a third node, wherein the third node is a next-hop node of the first node on a backup path for transmitting the data packet.

This application provides a packet transmission method, apparatus, and device. For example, the method is performed by an ingress node. The ingress node obtains a second packet by using first node information carried in a first packet, where the first node information includes a first bit string indicating N next-hop devices of the ingress node and first reference information used for indexing second node information corresponding to a first intermediate node in the N next-hop devices, and the second packet includes a first identifier determined based on the first reference information. The ingress node sends the second packet to the first intermediate node. Because structures of the first bit string and the first reference information are used, a packet encoding manner is simple, so that packet transmission efficiency is improved.

This application provides a packet transmission method, apparatus, and device. For example, the method is performed by an ingress node. The ingress node obtains a second packet by using first node information carried in a first packet, where the first node information includes a first bit string indicating N next-hop devices of the ingress node and first reference information used for indexing second node information corresponding to a first intermediate node in the N next-hop devices, and the second packet includes a first identifier determined based on the first reference information. The ingress node sends the second packet to the first intermediate node. Because structures of the first bit string and the first reference information are used, a packet encoding manner is simple, so that packet transmission efficiency is improved.

A method implemented by a network node in a Bit Index Explicit Replication Traffic/Tree Engineering (BIER-TE) domain is used to avoid duplicate packets. The method includes generating an improved bit index forwarding table (BIFT) containing a forwarding entry for a local area network (LAN)-connected adjacency from the network node to a pseudo node; and a secondary BIFT including a forwarding entry for a forward connected adjacency from the pseudo node to each of the pseudo node's next hop nodes except the network node; sending a packet containing a point to multipoint (P2MP) path with a bit position for the LAN-connected adjacency to the pseudo node according to the forwarding entry for the LAN-connected adjacency in the improved BIFT; and sending the packet to each of the pseudo node's next hop nodes on the P2MP path based on the secondary BIFT.

A method implemented by a network node in a Bit Index Explicit Replication Traffic/Tree Engineering (BIER-TE) domain is used to avoid duplicate packets. The method includes generating an improved bit index forwarding table (BIFT) containing a forwarding entry for a local area network (LAN)-connected adjacency from the network node to a pseudo node; and a secondary BIFT including a forwarding entry for a forward connected adjacency from the pseudo node to each of the pseudo node's next hop nodes except the network node; sending a packet containing a point to multipoint (P2MP) path with a bit position for the LAN-connected adjacency to the pseudo node according to the forwarding entry for the LAN-connected adjacency in the improved BIFT; and sending the packet to each of the pseudo node's next hop nodes on the P2MP path based on the secondary BIFT.

A communication method includes a first network device obtaining a first route and a second route from a second network device. A first network segment corresponding to the first route is a subnet segment of a second network segment corresponding to the second route. The second route is an aggregated route, and the first route indicates that the first network segment is unreachable. The first network device switches a next hop of the aggregated route based on the first route.

A communication method includes a first network device obtaining a first route and a second route from a second network device. A first network segment corresponding to the first route is a subnet segment of a second network segment corresponding to the second route. The second route is an aggregated route, and the first route indicates that the first network segment is unreachable. The first network device switches a next hop of the aggregated route based on the first route.

A communication method includes a first network device obtaining a first route and a second route from a second network device. A first network segment corresponding to the first route is a subnet segment of a second network segment corresponding to the second route. The second route is an aggregated route, and the first route indicates that the first network segment is unreachable. The first network device switches a next hop of the aggregated route based on the first route.