A network system includes a communication apparatus, and a control apparatus configured to control the communication apparatus. The communication apparatus includes a memory configured to store program instructions, and a processor configured to execute the instructions to receive an address of a destination virtual machine from the control apparatus, receive a packet from a source virtual machine, identify, based on the address of the destination virtual machine corresponding to the received packet, an identifier of an edge node connected to the destination virtual machine, and add the identifier of the edge node to the received packet.

A network system includes a communication apparatus, and a control apparatus configured to control the communication apparatus. The communication apparatus includes a memory configured to store program instructions, and a processor configured to execute the instructions to receive an address of a destination virtual machine from the control apparatus, receive a packet from a source virtual machine, identify, based on the address of the destination virtual machine corresponding to the received packet, an identifier of an edge node connected to the destination virtual machine, and add the identifier of the edge node to the received packet.

A packet forwarding method. In this method, a forwarding node receives a packet, obtains a target service resource status advertised by each service node in a plurality of service nodes, selects a target service node from the plurality of service nodes based on the target service resource status advertised by the service node, and forwards the packet to the target service node. In other words, the forwarding node can sense a service resource status advertised by the service node, and the service resource status can indicate a resource usage status of a service resource managed by the service node. An actual processing capability of the service node can be sensed based on the resource usage status.

A packet forwarding method. In this method, a forwarding node receives a packet, obtains a target service resource status advertised by each service node in a plurality of service nodes, selects a target service node from the plurality of service nodes based on the target service resource status advertised by the service node, and forwards the packet to the target service node. In other words, the forwarding node can sense a service resource status advertised by the service node, and the service resource status can indicate a resource usage status of a service resource managed by the service node. An actual processing capability of the service node can be sensed based on the resource usage status.

Technologies for allocating resources of managed nodes to workloads to balance multiple resource allocation objectives include an orchestrator server to receive resource allocation objective data indicative of multiple resource allocation objectives to be satisfied. The orchestrator server is additionally to determine an initial assignment of a set of workloads among the managed nodes and receive telemetry data from the managed nodes. The orchestrator server is further to determine, as a function of the telemetry data and the resource allocation objective data, an adjustment to the assignment of the workloads to increase an achievement of at least one of the resource allocation objectives without decreasing an achievement of another of the resource allocation objectives, and apply the adjustments to the assignments of the workloads among the managed nodes as the workloads are performed. Other embodiments are also described and claimed.

A method of providing a path between bridges of a first network segment. The first network segment is configured using a Spanning Tree Protocol (‘STP’). The method includes providing a second network segment interconnecting first and second bridges of said first network segment. The second network segment is operable to transmit frames adherent to a High-availability Seamless Redundancy (‘HSR’) network control protocol and to discard the STP control data frames. The method also includes modifying at a first Redundancy Box (‘RedBox’) STP control data frames to form modified data frames adherent to the HSR protocol. The method also includes modifying at a second RedBox, the modified data frames to re-form the STP control data frames.

A method of providing a path between bridges of a first network segment. The first network segment is configured using a Spanning Tree Protocol (‘STP’). The method includes providing a second network segment interconnecting first and second bridges of said first network segment. The second network segment is operable to transmit frames adherent to a High-availability Seamless Redundancy (‘HSR’) network control protocol and to discard the STP control data frames. The method also includes modifying at a first Redundancy Box (‘RedBox’) STP control data frames to form modified data frames adherent to the HSR protocol. The method also includes modifying at a second RedBox, the modified data frames to re-form the STP control data frames.

A method, an operator network (101) and nodes (120, 140, 160) for managing trafficare disclosed. The network exposure node (160) receives (A010) a Packet Flow Description (PFD) rule for a server application (190). The PFD rule comprises one or more protocol parameters for classification of traffic using a protocol related to said one or more protocol parameters. The one or more protocol parameters comprise for example an indication relating to common names (CNS), an indication relating to a domain name system (DNS) domain name, a server name indication (SNI), an indication relating to fraud prevention, an indication relating to a server IP address. The network exposure node (160)transmits (A020) the PFD rule to the session node (140), which transmits (A040), towards the user data node (120), a management request comprising the PFD rule. The user data node (120) receives (A080), from the client application (115), traffic destined to the server application (190). The user data node (120) classifies (A090) the traffic in accordance with the PFD rule. The user data node (120) enforces (A100) actions for the classified traffic. Corresponding computer programs (603, 803, 003) and computer program carriers (605, 805, 1005) are also disclosed.

A method, an operator network (101) and nodes (120, 140, 160) for managing trafficare disclosed. The network exposure node (160) receives (A010) a Packet Flow Description (PFD) rule for a server application (190). The PFD rule comprises one or more protocol parameters for classification of traffic using a protocol related to said one or more protocol parameters. The one or more protocol parameters comprise for example an indication relating to common names (CNS), an indication relating to a domain name system (DNS) domain name, a server name indication (SNI), an indication relating to fraud prevention, an indication relating to a server IP address. The network exposure node (160)transmits (A020) the PFD rule to the session node (140), which transmits (A040), towards the user data node (120), a management request comprising the PFD rule. The user data node (120) receives (A080), from the client application (115), traffic destined to the server application (190). The user data node (120) classifies (A090) the traffic in accordance with the PFD rule. The user data node (120) enforces (A100) actions for the classified traffic. Corresponding computer programs (603, 803, 003) and computer program carriers (605, 805, 1005) are also disclosed.

Systems and methods for selecting tiering protocols based on data transmissions over mesh networks within defined spatial areas can be provided. A mesh network can be established within a defined spatial area. Each network device within the mesh network can be a user device or a supernode. Further, a wireless communication link can be established between the user devices and supernodes. A plurality of tiered protocols for tiering data transmissions can be accessed. Data to be transmitted over the mesh network can be analyzed to determine which tiered protocol to select. Path data that identifies a routing path from the a user device to a supernode can be generated, and the data can be transmitted according to the path data.