This application provides a data transmission method, a device, and a network system. The method is applied to a backbone device, and the backbone device is connected to at least two access devices. After obtaining first data that needs to be sent to a first user device, the backbone device determines a first tunnel interface identifier corresponding to the first user device. The first user device is a single-homing user device. The backbone device sends, based on the first tunnel interface identifier, a first data packet including the first data to a first access device of the at least two access devices. The first access device is configured with the first tunnel interface identifier. This can optimize a data forwarding path, implement traffic optimization for the single-homing user device, and reduce traffic pressure of the network system.

An electronic device is described. The electronic device includes a stack of computer network devices, such as a stack of switches and/or routers. This stack of computer network devices includes data planes and ports for directing packets or frames in a wireless network based at least in part on destinations of the packets or frames. Moreover, the electronic device may include multiple controllers (such as processors) that operate as master nodes and that perform network functions for the stack of computer network devices using a database. This database may include a common database that is accessible by the multiple controllers or multiple instances of the database in the multiple controllers, where the multiple instances of the database are synchronized.

In some embodiments, a first provider edge (PE) router is coupled to a first customer edge (CE) router; a second CE router; and a second PE router. The second PE router is coupled to the first CE router and the second CE router. The first PE router is configured with a primary label comprising a primary next hop of the first CE router and a backup next hop of the second PE router and a secondary label comprising a primary next hop of the first CE router and a backup next hop of the second CE router. The second PE router is configured with a primary label comprising a primary next hop of the first CE router and a backup next hop of the first PE router and a secondary label comprising a primary next hop of the first CE router and a backup next hop of the second CE router.

In some embodiments, a first provider edge (PE) router is coupled to a first customer edge (CE) router; a second CE router; and a second PE router. The second PE router is coupled to the first CE router and the second CE router. The first PE router is configured with a primary label comprising a primary next hop of the first CE router and a backup next hop of the second PE router and a secondary label comprising a primary next hop of the first CE router and a backup next hop of the second CE router. The second PE router is configured with a primary label comprising a primary next hop of the first CE router and a backup next hop of the first PE router and a secondary label comprising a primary next hop of the first CE router and a backup next hop of the second CE router.

Methods, systems, and apparatus, for automatically changing a network system. A method includes receiving a set of first intents that describe a state of a first switch fabric; receiving a set of second intents that describe a state of a second switch fabric; computing a set of network operations to perform on the first switch fabric to achieve the second switch fabric, the set of operations also defining an order in which the operations are to be executed, and the set of operations determined based on the set of first intents, the set of second intents, and migration logic that defines a ruleset for selecting the operations based on the set of first intents and the second intents; and executing the set of network operations according to the order, to apply changes to elements within the first switch fabric to achieve the state of the second switch fabric.

Methods, systems, and apparatus, for automatically changing a network system. A method includes receiving a set of first intents that describe a state of a first switch fabric; receiving a set of second intents that describe a state of a second switch fabric; computing a set of network operations to perform on the first switch fabric to achieve the second switch fabric, the set of operations also defining an order in which the operations are to be executed, and the set of operations determined based on the set of first intents, the set of second intents, and migration logic that defines a ruleset for selecting the operations based on the set of first intents and the second intents; and executing the set of network operations according to the order, to apply changes to elements within the first switch fabric to achieve the state of the second switch fabric.

A sticky order routing system may include multiple order routers in communication with an electronic exchange for communicating transaction messages. Each of the order routers communicates transaction messages between multiple associated trading sessions and the electronic exchange, where of the associated trading sessions is assigned to the order router in communication with the electronic exchange. Transaction message traffic between the order routers and the electronic exchange is monitored, such as randomly, based on round-robin assignment, and/or trading data. In response to transaction message traffic exceeding a threshold, the trading session may be assigned to a new order router.

A sticky order routing system may include multiple order routers in communication with an electronic exchange for communicating transaction messages. Each of the order routers communicates transaction messages between multiple associated trading sessions and the electronic exchange, where of the associated trading sessions is assigned to the order router in communication with the electronic exchange. Transaction message traffic between the order routers and the electronic exchange is monitored, such as randomly, based on round-robin assignment, and/or trading data. In response to transaction message traffic exceeding a threshold, the trading session may be assigned to a new order router.

Embodiments of the present invention provide a cluster that includes a first node and a second node, and the first node and the second node are configured to cooperatively perform a forwarding service on a first packet, where the first node is configured to receive the first packet by using an inbound interface and determine the inbound interface; and the second node is configured to determine an outbound interface according to a forwarding table corresponding to the forwarding service and forward the first packet by using the outbound interface of the second node. In addition, the embodiments of the present invention further provide other clusters and forwarding methods. The foregoing technical solutions help to reduce software and hardware resources occupied by a cluster.

In one embodiment, a solution is provided wherein redundant routers are treated as a single emulated switch. When a packet is received at a layer 2 edge switch from a host, the layer 2 edge switch may determine a switch identifier for the emulated switch using a destination anycast hardware address contained in the packet. The anycast hardware address may identify an emulated switch comprising a plurality of routers. Then a header may be added to the packet, the header including the switch identifier. Following that, the packet may be forwarded to another layer 2 switch along a shortest path from the layer 2 edge switch to the emulated switch.