Systems and methods for incorporating a new channel-type value in the header of a Generic Associated Channel (G-ACh) for Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) Layer-2 packets over Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks are provided. The channel-type value of the G-ACh header may be used for identification of the network-generated CFM Layer-2 packets. In one implementation, a system may include a processing device and a memory device, where the memory device may be configured to store instructions that, when executed, cause the processing device to obtain a Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) packet, encapsulate the CFM packet with Pseudo-Wire (PW) and Label-Switched Path (LSP) labels to create an expanded packet, and incorporate a specific channel-type value in a G-ACh header of the expanded packet to uniquely identify the CFM packet.

An example path discovery system includes a memory and processing circuitry in communication with the memory. The processing circuitry is configured to obtain routing script metadata associated with a telephony network, to parse routing logic implemented by one or more nodes of the telephony network, to emulate, using the routing script metadata and the parsed routing logic, a traversal path for a call through the telephony network, the emulated traversal path including the one more nodes for which the routing logic is parsed, to store, to the memory, the emulated traversal path and respective final states of runtime variables associated with the one or more nodes included in the emulated traversal path, and to generate, in a machine-readable format, one or more reports indicating a destination of the emulated traversal path in the telephony network and an ingress of the emulated traversal path with respect to the telephony network.

Providing protection to network traffic includes sending a Pseudowire protection configuration parameter for configuring a standby Pseudowire between a source node and a destination node, receiving a Pseudowire configuration acknowledgement indicating whether the Pseudowire protection configuration parameter has been accepted by the destination node, and in the event that the Pseudowire protection configuration parameter has been accepted by the destination node, using the standby Pseudowire, wherein the standby Pseudowire's configured based at least in part on the Pseudowire protection configuration parameter.

In one embodiment, a method includes configuring a router to act as a BNG and establishing, by the router, a connection between CPE and the BNG. The method also includes receiving, by the router, end-user and access parameters and communicating, by the router, the end-user and access parameters to one or more 5G NFs by interacting with one or more SBIs. The method further includes allowing, by the router, the CPE access to the one or more 5G NFs in response to communicating the end-user and access parameters to the one or more 5G NFs.

Systems and methods for incorporating a new channel-type value in the header of a Generic Associated Channel (G-ACh) for Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) Layer-2 packets over Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks are provided. The channel-type value of the G-ACh header may be used for identification of the network-generated CFM Layer-2 packets. In one implementation, a system may include a processing device and a memory device, where the memory device may be configured to store instructions that, when executed, cause the processing device to obtain a Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) packet, encapsulate the CFM packet with Pseudo-Wire (PW) and Label-Switched Path (LSP) labels to create an expanded packet, and incorporate a specific channel-type value in a G-ACh header of the expanded packet to uniquely identify the CFM packet.

A method is presented for supporting SNCP over a packet network connecting to two SDH sub-networks and transporting one or more SDH paths that are SNCP-protected in both SDH sub-networks. The packet network connects to each of two sub-network interconnection points by a working path and a protection path. The packet sub-network may provide the same type of path protection as an SDH sub-network using SNCP, while avoiding bandwidth duplication.

A packet forwarding method, a device, and a system, where a first provider edge (PE) device separately sends request packets to a second PE device and a third PE device. The second PE device receives the two request packets separately using a primary pseudo wire (PW) and using a secondary PW, the third PE device, and a bypass PW, switches preferential forwarding statuses relative to the primary PW and the bypass PW to a balance state, and then, notifies the first PE device and the third PE device using a response packet. The first PE device switches preferential forwarding statuses relative to the primary PW and the secondary PW to the balance state based on the response packet. The third PE device switches a preferential forwarding status relative to the bypass PW to the balance state based on the response packet.

A multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) node sends an output packet including control information and payload data. The MPLS node is configured to: receive an input packet including the payload data, from a first pseudo-wire segment; modify an encapsulation format of the payload data of the input packet to generate the output packet; and send the output packet to a second pseudo-wire segment. The MPLS node can also be configured to support the opposite operating direction, that is an MPLS, node may be configured to receive an input packet including the payload data from a second pseudo-wire segment; modify an encapsulation format of the payload data of the input packet to generate an output packet; and send the output packet to a first pseudo-wire segment.

A gateway device detects whether a node corresponding to each node identifier in a node identifier chain gets on-line, the chain including node identifiers of a head node, service node via which the head node accesses tail node, and the tail node. When each node gets on-line, the gateway device distributes, as a gateway device accessed by the head node, a first stream classifying strategy associated with the chain to device hardware, and forwards a received data stream which is from the head node to the tail node according to the chain based on the first stream classifying strategy. The gateway device distributes, as a gateway device accessed by the service node, a second stream classifying strategy associated with the chain to the device hardware, and forwards a received data stream which is from the head node to the tail node according to the chain based on the second stream classifying strategy.

A data processing method, a related device, and a system are provided. The method executed by a first network device includes receiving PDH frame data; loading the PDH frame data and a stuffing bit into a virtual container to obtain the virtual container that includes the PDH frame data, where the stuffing bit in the virtual container carries information about a clock frequency difference between a clock frequency of the Ethernet and a clock frequency of the PDH frame data; and performing virtual-container PWE3 encapsulation on the virtual container to obtain a virtual-container PWE3 packet. In at least some embodiments, difficulty in recovering the clock frequency of the PDH frame data when the PDH frame data is transmitted in the Ethernet is reduced, clock frequency jitters and drifts caused by the clock frequency recovery are reduced, and user experience is improved.