A network device has an input configured to receive a message relating to a given device attempting to forward one or more packets across a computer network. The message has given device information relating to the given device. In addition, the routing device also has a selector, operatively coupled with the input, configured to select (after receiving the given data) a given group routing policy from a plurality of group routing policies. Preferably, the selector is configured to select the given group routing policy as a function of the given device information. The routing device also has an output operatively coupled with the selector. The output is configured to cause routing of device communication across the network using link-layer routes specified by the given group routing policy.

Methods, systems and computer program products for tracking, encoding and decoding the code-location of runtime events. The system modifies a request packet to access a resource initiated by a source address to indicate the request packet was sent by an intermediary address. The system injects an identifier pre-allocated for the source address into the request packet. The system updates the modified request packet by replacing the intermediary address with a substitute address that corresponds with the source address' pre-allocated identifier. The system sends the updated request packet to the resource, the updated request packet indicating a response to the updated request packet is to be sent back to the substitute address.

This application provides a message generation method, a message processing method, a message generation apparatus, and a message processing apparatus. The message generation method includes: obtaining, by a first device, a segment identifier list SID list, where the SID list includes a plurality of segment identifiers SIDs, the first N bits of the plurality of SIDs are the same, and N is a positive integer; generating, by the first device, a first message based on the SID list, where the first message includes a first part and a second part, the first part includes the first N bits of the plurality of SIDs, and the second part includes bit N+1 to bit 128 of each of the plurality of SIDs; and sending, by the first device, the first message to a second device.

A system for intelligent multi-device content distribution based on associated internet protocol (IP) addressing, including: identifying, by a computer processor, first advertising content served to a first client device; identifying a first client device IP address associated with the first client device, where the first client device is linked to a household profile; submitting, to a content exchange service, a request for content placement opportunities; receiving content placement opportunities from the content exchange service, where one or more content placement opportunities identify at least a portion of a second client device IP address of a second client device; linking the second client device to the household profile; selecting second advertising content based on the first advertising content; and providing the second advertising content for the content placement opportunity to be displayed on the second client device.

A method for configuring a managed forwarding element (MFE) to perform logical routing operations in a logical network on behalf of a hardware switch is described. The method of some embodiments receives data that defines a logical router that logically connects several different end machines operating on several different host machines to different physical machines that are connected to the hardware switch. The method, based on the received data, defines a number of routing components for the logical router. In some embodiments, the method then configures the MFE to implement the routing components in order to enable the MFE to perform logical routing operations on behalf of the hardware switch.

Some embodiments provide a network forwarding integrated circuit (IC) that includes at least one packet processing pipeline. The packet processing pipeline includes multiple match-action stages, at least one of which includes a stateful processing unit that operates at a line rate of the network forwarding IC. The stateful processing unit is configured to receive data stored in a memory location associated with a stateful table of the match-action stage. The data includes a set of values. The stateful processing unit is further configured to identify one of a maximum value and a minimum value from the set of values, and to output the identified value for use by a next match-action stage.

Methods for performing neighbor state management between peers of a Multi-Chassis Link Aggregation Group (MCLAG) are provided. In one method, a first peer of a Multi-Chassis Link Aggregation Group (MCLAG) performs state management for each neighbor entry in a first set of neighbor entries. Similarly, a second peer of the MCLAG connected in parallel with the first peer performs state management for each neighbor entry in a second set of neighbor entries, the second set of neighbor entries containing contain at least one neighbor entry absent from the first set of neighbor entries.

Systems, methods and computer software are disclosed for providing network address translation with a tunnel identifier (TEID) in a cellular network. A HetNet Gateway (HNG) allocates at least a portion of a unique TEID for a user equipment (UE). The HNG receives a packet having a source field in the packet header including an Internet Protocol (IP) address. The HNG replaces the IP address in a source field of the packet header of the packet with the unique TEID for the UE and forwards the packet using the unique TEID to a packet gateway (PGW).

Techniques are disclosed for session-based routing within Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Layer-2 (L2) networks extended over Layer-3 (L3) networks. In one example, L2 networks connect a first client device to a first router and a second client device to a second router. An L3 network connects the first and second routers. The first router receives, from the first client device, an L2 frame destined for the second client device. The first router generates an L3 packet comprising an L3 header specifying L3 addresses of the first and second routers, a first portion of metadata comprising L2 addresses for the first and second client devices, and a second portion of metadata comprising L3 addresses for the first and second client devices, and forwards the L3 packet to the second router. The second router recovers the L2 frame from the metadata and forwards the L2 frame to the second client device.

A network device has an input configured to receive a message relating to a given user attempting to forward one or more packets across a computer network. The message has given user information relating to the given user. In addition, the routing device also has a selector, operatively coupled with the input, configured to select (after receiving the message) a given group routing policy from a plurality of group routing policies. Preferably, the selector is configured to select the given group routing policy as a function of the given user information. The routing device also has an output operatively coupled with the selector. The output is configured to cause routing of user communication across the network using link-layer routes specified by the given group routing policy.