A system and computer-implemented method of providing one or more electronic signatures for electronic documents. The method includes deriving a representative or unique value, e.g. a hash value or other digital fingerprint, for each of the electronic documents determined to having to be electronically signed by a (first) signatory user, deriving a combined representative or unique value, e.g. a combined hash value, on the basis of representative or unique values derived for the electronic documents, providing access to the electronic documents for the signatory user, displaying the electronic documents or representation thereof to the signatory user, and electronically signing the combined representative or unique value by an electronic signature of the signatory user, resulting in an electronically signed combined representative or unique value, in response to electronically registering that the signatory user has accepted to sign each of the electronic documents determined to having to be electronically signed.

The invention relates to distributed ledger technologies such as consensus-based blockchains. Computer-implemented N methods for reducing arithmetic circuits derived from smart contracts are described. The invention is implemented using a blockchain network, which may be, for example, a Bitcoin blockchain. A set of conditions encoded in a first programming language is obtained. The set of conditions is converted into a programmatic set of conditions encoded in a second programming language. The programmatic set of conditions is precompiled into precompiled program code. The precompiled program code is transformed into an arithmetic circuit. The arithmetic circuit is reduced to form a reduced arithmetic circuit, and the reduced arithmetic circuit is stored.

A parent/child model for smart contracts enables the smart contracts to be updateable without compromising the immutability of the underlying data. As a first step, a parent smart contract (Client Contract) is deployed that stores any other contract that may be called using the contract address. Then, whenever a new child smart contract (Service Contract) is deployed, the parent smart contract is updated with the address of the new child smart contract so that the parent smart contract will be able to call the child smart contract. The structure of the child smart contract is known to the parent smart contract. For example, the number of inputs going into the child smart contract and the number of outputs coming out of the child smart contract are known to the parent smart contract before deployment of the parent smart contract, and the transaction data remains accessible without affecting the parent contract.

Systems and methods herein secure computer memory from potential hacks. In one embodiment, a system includes a computer memory, and a memory protection module communicatively coupled to the computer memory. The memory protection module is operable to assign a counter value to a write Input/Output (I/O) request, to encrypt data of the write I/O request based on the counter value, and to write the encrypted data to a location of the computer memory. The counter value comprises a version number of the write I/O request and, for example, the location of the computer memory to where the data of the write I/O request is being written in the computer memory. The memory protection module is further operable to compute the version number based on memory access patterns of an application writing to the computer memory.

A client computer may split a process into sub-processes, send each sub-processes to a different group of peers in a blockchain network, wherein each group has at least one peer from each essential organization in the blockchain network, receive processed sub-transactions from the peers in the blockchain network, validate each sub-transaction, and validate the transaction based on the validation of all sub-transactions, wherein all sub-transaction must be valid for the transaction to be valid.

A blockchain network platform system according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a non-random consensus proof-based blockchain network; and a neural consensus proof module cluster for generating a new block, combined with random-consensus proof-based neural consensus validity verification data, by using block data propagated from the non-random consensus proof-based blockchain network, wherein the new block is propagated through the non-random consensus proof-based blockchain network.

Described herein are systems and methods for generating blockchain token support from a set of declarations. In accordance with an embodiment, an application builder (App Builder, Application Builder) component of a blockchain, blockchain cloud system, or other blockchain solution (e.g., Oracle Blockchain Platform) can provide a mechanism to define blockchain assets using a declaration or specification file, and then generate a blockchain smart contract that supports those assets. In accordance with an embodiment, the systems and methods described herein provide a mechanism for defining Tokens (e.g., Fungible or Non Fungible Tokens) adhering to a framework, such as the Token Taxonomy Framework, and generating the appropriate methods as defined by the token properties.

Hardware and software resources are load balanced when processing multiple blockchains. As more and more entities (whether public or private) are expected to generate their own blockchains for verification, a server or other resource in a blockchain environment may be over utilized. For example, as banks, websites, and retailers issue their own private cryptocoinage, the number of financial transactions may clog or hog networking and/or hardware resources. A blockchain load balancing mechanism thus allocates resources among the multiple blockchains.

Provided is a method for establishing a secure connection from a chip to a network. The method comprises sending a connection request with a decentralized identifier address, sending a request for getting a decentralized identifier, sending, to the network, the decentralized identifier, sending, to the chip, an authentication request with data, and determining and sending, to the network, authentication data, and authenticating the chip. It further include sending, to the ledger, a request for getting subscription data associated with the decentralized identifier address, verifying, whether the decentralized identifier address is associated with a subscription wallet address or a subscription address in an operator wallet sending, to the network, associated subscription data, verifying whether valid, and establishing, when valid, a connection to the chip.

An approach is provided in which the approach collects distributed test results from multiple users, wherein at least one of the multiple users is an untrusted user. The approach aggregates the distributed test results in response to determining that each one of the distributed test results corresponds to the same system under test. The approach then presents the aggregated test results as a trusted test result.