Device to device (D2D) communication can be performed with packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) based encapsulation without internet protocol (IP) addressing. The non-IP D2D PDCP-encapsulated communication can further include two forms of secure data transfer. A first non-IP D2D PDCP-encapsulated communication can be a negotiated non-IP D2D PDCP-encapsulated communication. A second non-IP D2D PDCP-encapsulated communication can be a non-negotiated non-IP D2D communication. The non-negotiated non-IP D2D PDCP-encapsulated communication can include a common key management server (KMS) version and a distributed KMS version. The encapsulated communication can be used with various protocols, including a PC5 protocol (such as the PC5 Signaling Protocol) and wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) protocols.

Device to device (D2D) communication can be performed with packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) based encapsulation without internet protocol (IP) addressing using a PC5 protocol (such as PC5 Signaling Protocol). The non-IP D2D PDCP-encapsulated communication can further include two forms of secure data transfer. A first non-IP D2D PDCP-encapsulated communication can be a negotiated non-IP D2D PDCP-encapsulated communication. A second non-IP D2D PDCP-encapsulated communication can be a non-negotiated non-IP D2D communication. The non-negotiated non-IP D2D PDCP-encapsulated communication can include a common key management server (KMS) version and a distributed KMS version.

The present invention provides a methods, apparatus and systems for improving a systems-level data rate on a communications link such the orthogonal frequency division multiplexed multiple access (OFDMA) downlink used in used in WiFi and LTE cellular/wireless mobile data applications. The present invention preferably uses a form of multilevel coding and decoding known as tiled-building-block encoding/decoding. With the present invention, different receivers coupled to different parallel downlink channels with different channel qualities decode different received signal constellations at different levels of resolution. This allows the downlink of the OFDMA system to operate with a significantly higher data rate, thus eliminating existing inefficiencies in the downlink and significantly increasing system level bandwidth efficiency.

Video streaming applications are a major contributor to the recent dramatic rise of data traffic in cellular networks. Mobile users in a cellular network often experience fluctuating data rates, which might affect the quality of video they view in a streaming service. Although replacing such video streaming services with video downloading/renting services could potentially allow such mobile users to enjoy consistently higher quality videos, such services typically cost a lot more than video streaming services because of legal copyright pricing and management issues. By downloading enhancement layers but streaming base layers of the content, mobile users can enjoy download-quality videos with a service (legally) classified as a streaming service.

A multi-protocol software-defined networking (SDN) controller receives receiving from one or more applications one or more requests for services to be performed by one or more of a plurality of network devices that communicate with the SDN controller by a plurality of different of SDN protocols. The requests are mapped to appropriate ones of the plurality of different SDN protocols to fulfill the services of the requests. The SDN controller sends to the respective one or more of the plurality of network devices, control messages according to appropriate ones of the plurality of different SDN protocols. Responses are received at the SDN controller from the one or more of the plurality of network devices, each response indicating a failure or a success for a corresponding request. Failures and successes of the responses are associated with appropriate ones of the requests.

In one example embodiment, a network node includes a processor configured to receive one or more data packets from a transmitter and transmit at least one first-type confirmation message to the transmitter based on a threshold, the at least one first-type confirmation message including an acknowledgement that all but at least two bytes of data included in the one or more data packets are received from the transmitter. The processor is further configured to transmit at least one second-type confirmation message to the transmitter based on at least one of a size of a buffer at the network node available for receiving data packets and an acknowledgement from an end device acknowledging receipt of the one or more data packets, the at least one second message including an acknowledgement of one or more of the at least two bytes of data.

Power Line Communications (PLC) device for enhanced carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) protocols are described. The PLC device includes a modem, an AC interface and a PLC engine. The engine is configured for transmitting PLC packets over a plurality of electrical wires using a particular channel. Transmitting a normal priority packet may include attempting to access a communications channel to transmit a frame after a backoff time proportional to a randomly generated number within a contention window (CW), the CW having an initial value carried over from a previous transmission of a different frame. Additionally or alternatively, some of techniques described herein may facilitate the spreading of the time over which devices attempt to transmit packets, thereby reducing the probability of collisions using, for example, Additive Decrease Multiplicative Increase (ADMI) mechanisms.

Signalling messages in an Internet Protocol, IP, communications network comprising a chain of at least two entities (21; 23; 29) applying object oriented processing (22; 28; 42) of signalling messages are exchanged between the at least two entities (21; 23; 29) of the IP communications network comprising object oriented based data items. Parsing and inverse parsing of text based signalling messages are effectively avoided, thereby reducing system resources and increasing processing speed of the system as a whole.

Disclosed is a display apparatus. The display apparatus includes a first input port configured to receive information that relates to an external device; a second input port configured to facilitate a communication with the external device and to receive a control command; and a processor configured to control the second input port to automatically select a communication protocol that corresponds to the second input port based on the received information that relates to the external device, and to perform communication with the external device via the second input port by using the selected communication protocol. Accordingly, a display apparatus may automatically select the communication protocol corresponding to the external device without requiring a user to manually set the communication protocol on a display apparatus, and user convenience may be improved.

A hybrid HTTP/UDP delivery protocol provides significant improvements for delivery of video and other content over a network, such as an overlay. The approach is especially useful to address problems (e.g., slow startup times, rebuffering, and low bitrates) for HTTP-based streaming. In general, the protocol has two phases: an HTTP phase, and a UDP phase. In the HTTP phase, the client sends an HTTP GET request to a server. The GET request contains a transport header informing the server that the client would like to use UDP-based transfer over the protocol. The server may refuse this mode and continue in ordinary HTTP mode, or the server may respond by sending an empty response with header information informing the client how to make the connection to enter the UDP phase. In the UDP phase, the client initiates a connection and receives the originally-requested content over UDP.