A management device includes a distance sensor, a sensor interface, and a processor. The distance sensor is configured to measure a distance between a predetermined position and a backmost side of a commodity line having commodities biased in an arrangement direction and supported from a foremost side of the commodity line. The sensor interface transmits and receives data to and from the distance sensor. The processor calculates a length of the commodity line based on the distance before a change in the distance and the distance after the change in the distance when the distance is changed, and determines whether the length of the commodity line matches a thickness of the commodity indicated by shelf label information. The processor calculates the increased or decreased number of commodities based on the determination.

Display with an appropriate luminance dynamic range is realizable on a receiving side. A gamma curve is applied to input video data having a level range from 0% to 100%*N (N: a number larger than 1) to obtain transmission video data. This transmission video data is transmitted together with auxiliary information used for converting a high-luminance level on the receiving side. A high-level side level range of the transmission video data is converted on the receiving side such that a maximum level becomes a predetermined level based on the auxiliary information received together with the transmission video data.

Display with an appropriate luminance dynamic range is realizable on a receiving side. A gamma curve is applied to input video data having a level range from 0% to 100%*N (N: a number larger than 1) to obtain transmission video data. This transmission video data is transmitted together with auxiliary information used for converting a high-luminance level on the receiving side. A high-level side level range of the transmission video data is converted on the receiving side such that a maximum level becomes a predetermined level based on the auxiliary information received together with the transmission video data.

An image forming apparatus includes a housing and a first process cartridge. The first process cartridge is attachable to and detachable from the housing. The first process cartridge includes a first photosensitive drum, a first developing roller, and a developing frame. The developing frame has a toner inlet opening. The toner cartridge has a toner supply opening. The toner cartridge is positioned above the developing frame such that the toner supply opening and the toner inlet opening face with each other in upward/downward direction. In the state where the first process cartridge to which the toner cartridge is attached is attached to the housing, the toner cartridge is incapable of being detached from the first process cartridge. In a state where the first process cartridge to which the toner cartridge is attached is detached from the housing, the toner cartridge is detachable from the first process cartridge.

An image forming apparatus includes a housing and a first process cartridge. The first process cartridge is attachable to and detachable from the housing. The first process cartridge includes a first photosensitive drum, a first developing roller, and a developing frame. The developing frame has a toner inlet opening. The toner cartridge has a toner supply opening. The toner cartridge is positioned above the developing frame such that the toner supply opening and the toner inlet opening face with each other in upward/downward direction. In the state where the first process cartridge to which the toner cartridge is attached is attached to the housing, the toner cartridge is incapable of being detached from the first process cartridge. In a state where the first process cartridge to which the toner cartridge is attached is detached from the housing, the toner cartridge is detachable from the first process cartridge.

A temporal alignment system and method for example for detecting temporal misalignment in video frames when the frames are divided for transport using a signal divider for dividing a single signal S into portions S.sub.1 . . . S.sub.N and using average picture level in determining whether data sets within a particular frame are misaligned.

A temporal alignment system and method for example for detecting temporal misalignment in video frames when the frames are divided for transport using a signal divider for dividing a single signal S into portions S.sub.1 . . . S.sub.N and using average picture level in determining whether data sets within a particular frame are misaligned.

A dual display regions control method includes establishing a link between a receiver and a first transmitter and a link between the receiver and a second transmitter, transmitting a first image signal to the first transmitter after the first transmitter is triggered, transmitting the first image signal to the receiver, transmitting a second image signal to the second transmitter after the second transmitter is triggered, transmitting the second image signal to the receiver, selecting the first transmitter from the first transmitter and the second transmitter, displaying the first image signal on a first display region through the receiver after the first transmitter is selected, and displaying identification data of the first transmitter and the second transmitter on a second display region through the receiver.

A dual display regions control method includes establishing a link between a receiver and a first transmitter and a link between the receiver and a second transmitter, transmitting a first image signal to the first transmitter after the first transmitter is triggered, transmitting the first image signal to the receiver, transmitting a second image signal to the second transmitter after the second transmitter is triggered, transmitting the second image signal to the receiver, selecting the first transmitter from the first transmitter and the second transmitter, displaying the first image signal on a first display region through the receiver after the first transmitter is selected, and displaying identification data of the first transmitter and the second transmitter on a second display region through the receiver.

A video conference system including a transmitter device and a receiver device is provided. The transmitter device includes a transmitter control unit, a transmitter input interface, a transmitter video circuit and a first wireless transmission module. The transmitter control unit is coupled to a video output port of an information system and receive a first video data from the video output port. The transmitter input interface receives a second video data from a first video source. The transmitter video circuit combines the first video data and the second video data as a combined video data. The first wireless transmission module transmits the combined video data to the receiver device. The receiver device, coupled to the display device, includes a second wireless transmission module, which receives the combined video data. The receiver device transmits the combined video data to the display device.